Category: The Tennis 128

In 2022, I’m counting down the 128 best players of the last century. With luck, we’ll get to #1 in December. Enjoy!

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Kim Clijsters [BEL]
Born: 8 June 1983
Career: 1999-2012
Plays: Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
Peak rank: 1 (2003)
Peak Elo rating: 2,403 (1st place, 2004)
Major singles titles: 4
Total singles titles: 41
 

* * *

Pop quiz! I’m sure you remember that at the 2009 US Open, when Serena Williams foot-faulted, threatened a line judge, and lost her semi-final on a point penalty, the woman on the other side of the net was Kim Clijsters. Now the question: Was that the second set or the third set?

Had you asked me when the match wasn’t fresh in memory, and I might have gotten it wrong. I suspect some of you would too. It was a tense battle, and the famous call came at a particularly nervy moment. The climactic set was indeed close–Serena was serving to stay in it at 5-6 when everything went sideways–but it was the second set. We’ll never know what would have happened if Williams hadn’t foot-faulted, if the infraction hadn’t been called, or if she had kept her calm. Regardless, Clijsters had comprehensively outplayed her up to that point.

The Belgian was taking part in just her third event in two and a half years, and she had her daughter Jade in tow. Venus Williams gave her trouble in the fourth round–that match went three, by the unlikely score of 6-0, 0-6, 6-4–but Venus’s sister did not. Clijsters won 55% of the total points she played against Serena, including more than 45% of those on Serena’s own serve.

The unranked underdog used her trademark blend of defense and offense to frustrate Williams. Before the semi-final, their head-to-head record tilted heavily toward the American, 7-1, but Clijsters had usually managed to keep things competitive. Her sole win came on a huge stage, in the final of the 2002 Tour Championships. Four of their other matches went to three sets, including the 2003 Australian Open semi-final, when the Belgian couldn’t convert a 5-1 lead in the third set.

Clijsters was clearly not overawed by the powerful American. While Serena accumulated her usual share of aces and forehand winners, Kim directed the majority of her groundstrokes to the Williams backhand. Serena couldn’t hit through the challenger on that wing, striking 123 backhands and managing just one winner. Two backhand unforced errors set the stage for the foot fault and point penalty that ended the match.

“I was the one dominating the points,” said Clijsters.

Final score: 6-4, 7-5. The aftermath of Serena’s explosion monopolized the headlines, so the Belgian ended up as a footnote to her own triumph. But Kim got the last laugh, even earning a few headlines of her own. She straight-setted Caroline Wozniacki in the final to cap one of the most unlikely, remarkable comeback stories in the sport’s history.

* * *

Another trivia question. Apart from Clijsters herself, there have been 27 number ones in the history of the WTA ranking system. She faced 19 of them, from Steffi Graf and Monica Seles to Simona Halep and Garbiñe Muguruza. Setting aside the five that she faced only once, how many of the remaining 14 number ones finished their careers with a winning record against her?

You know the answer isn’t zero, because I already told you that Serena dominated their head-to-head. But there are no others. Jennifer Capriati split six meetings. No one else–not Venus, not Maria Sharapova, not Lindsay Davenport, not Victoria Azarenka–even forced a draw.

Clijsters and Henin after the 2010 Brisbane final, which Kim won in a third-set tiebreak

Most notably, Clijsters faced off with her countrywoman, Justine Henin, 23 times at tour level. Kim won 13. It’s something of a hollow triumph, since Henin won more than half of their finals, including all three of their clashes with major championships on the line. Still, Clijsters beat her rival on every surface, in a French Open semifinal, at home in Antwerp; point is, no one owned the Belgian on court. No one, not even Serena, could get too comfortable.

One more bit of trivia: Who are the only three women in the 2000s to reach the semi-finals in at least half of their grand slam appearances?

I can’t let things get too easy–Kim didn’t quite crack this list. The three are Serena, Capriati, and Henin. All of them just barely reached the 50% threshold. Clijsters comes in fourth. Here is the top ten:

Player             2000s Slams  SFs  SF%  
Serena Williams             74   39  53%  
Jennifer Capriati           19   10  53%  
Justine Henin               33   17  52%  
Kim Clijsters               34   16  47%  
Lindsay Davenport           25   11  44%  
Martina Hingis              17    7  41%  
Maria Sharapova             58   20  34%  
Iga Świątek                 15    4  27%  
Venus Williams              80   20  25%  
Elena Dementieva            43    9  21%

Fifty-fifty was the name of Kim’s game at majors. She made the final four about half the time she entered. (In her career, it’s 16 semis in 36 tournaments, since she played two more in 1999.) Out of 16 semi-finals, she reached eight finals. In eight finals, she came out on top four times.

* * *

It’s important to remember the gritty details of the Clijsters résumé, because the Belgian herself isn’t going to advertise them. She’s so thoroughly adored around the game–and has been, more or less since the moment she appeared on the circuit–that you’re more likely to hear about her eight WTA Sportsmanship Awards than her positive records against more ruthless competitors.

More outwardly ruthless, I should say.

Kim has never objected to the misplaced focus on her personality. “I’d rather be known as a nice player,” she said in 2003, “someone who’s good for the sport.” Mission accomplished: No recent star has a sweeter reputation, and Sharapova owns a friggin’ candy company.

The Belgian’s kindness stood out on a tour that had become known for selfishness and catty backbiting. With characters like Martina Hingis setting the standard, Clijsters might as well have applied for sainthood.

Clijsters stretches for a forehand at Indian Wells in 2002. Her mother was a gymnast, and few players could match her flexibility.

Problem was, those standoffish, overprivileged brats piled up an awful lot of titles. Kim first attained the number one ranking in August 2003, eight months after her collapse against Serena at the Australian Open. She was the first player to reach the top spot without holding any of the four major titles. The stories wrote themselves. Nice gals didn’t finish last, but they didn’t have what it took to be champions, either.

Most “nice” players are indeed destined to fall short. Clijsters, however, didn’t fit the mold. She was kind, she kept the game in perspective, she put family first. Yet when injuries put her determination to the test, she responded like the single-minded champion she’d soon prove herself to be.

* * *

Clijsters opened 2004 as a 20-year-old former number one, having lost her position on the ranking table to Henin. An ankle injury at the Hopman Cup derailed her Australian Open prep, though it didn’t slow her down much. She reached the Melbourne finals with six straight-set wins before losing to her countrywoman in the final. She bounced back with titles in Paris and Antwerp the following month.

Then the real injury struck. She tore a left wrist tendon and was forced to withdraw from Indian Wells. The wrist required surgery, and she missed almost a full year of tournament play.

Clijsters had to adjust her backhand to accommodate the wrist, but the new stroke was just as powerful as the old one. She rejoined the tour in February 2005 and quickly served a reminder that her kindness did not apply inside the white lines.

At just her second tournament back, Kim won Indian Wells. She dropped only two sets en route, beating Elena Dementieva and Davenport for the title. Next up was Miami, where she completed the Sunshine Double. This time she didn’t lose any sets at all. In the last four matches there, she beat four of the top six players on the WTA computer, administering a 6-1, 6-0 punishment of Amélie Mauresmo and defeating Sharapova in the final.

She was still nice, but Jon Wertheim, for one, thought she had “developed an edge” in her time off. “You realize that one injury can end your career tomorrow, so you should just enjoy playing,” Clijsters told the press in Miami. “But you also realize that tennis is important to you, so you want to do everything possible to win.”

The Belgian was–dare I say it–ruthless the rest of the way. She lost early at Roland Garros and Wimbledon to Davenport. Elsewhere, she was well-nigh unbeatable. She entered the US Open on a ten-match win streak and her confidence level was correspondingly high. To the doubters, she said, “I know I haven’t won a Grand Slam. But, you know, I’ve won a lot of other things.”

Two weeks later, that monkey was off her back. Clijsters recovered from a set and a break down to Venus Williams in the quarters, and she held off a spirited comeback from Sharapova in the semis. A no-nonsense, 6-3, 6-1 victory over Mary Pierce in the final secured the US Open title.

* * *

Clijsters had an uncanny ability to focus on court while limiting her tennis career to a compartment of her broader plans. Only a few months into her comeback, before winning the US Open, she announced her plan to retire after the 2007 season.

She didn’t even make it that long. More injuries piled up at the start of the 2006 campaign, and a hip injury limited her to only five tournaments in 2007. Despite reaching four major semi-finals in her last four tries, she kept her word. She got out, got married, and got pregnant.

Clijsters’s record up to that point was built to be underrated. Yes, she had her major, but she had lost more finals than she won, and the title match against Pierce was hardly replay fodder for ESPN. When S.L. Price summed up the 2009 US Open for Sports Illustrated, he sketched Kim’s pre-tournament reputation: “a sweet, fragile talent who’d won one Grand Slam title (after losing three finals).”

You can see why she was tempted to come back. She didn’t have anything to prove, but it wouldn’t hurt to make sure.

When Clijsters returned to the tour in 2009, Sybille Bammer was the only mother in the top 100. A handful of women had tried to come back and balance pro tennis with motherhood, but most of their attempts fizzled out quickly. No woman had won a major after giving birth since Evonne Goolagong, back in 1980.

It took the Belgian only one shot, at the 2009 US Open, to add her name to that list. A year later, she’d do Goolagong one better and defend her title. Four months after that, she’d win the Australian Open as well. Fans would always think of Kim as the nice one, and now she was a standard bearer for mothers in elite sports.

Beyond the feel-good story, it was impossible–finally–to ignore what Clijsters did on court on its own terms. Roger Federer described Serena’s foot fault as one example of “[h]ow crazy tennis goes sometimes.” Still, he hastened to add, “I don’t think it should take away from what Kim has achieved. That’s the story here.”

In 2022, I’m counting down the 128 best players of the last century. With luck, we’ll get to #1 in December. Enjoy!

* * *

Stefan Edberg [SWE]
Born: 19 January 1966
Career: 1983-96
Plays: Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
Peak rank: 1 (1990)
Peak Elo rating: 2,239 (1st place, 1990)
Major singles titles: 6
Total singles titles: 41
 

* * *

No one ever knew quite what to make of Stefan Edberg. When he burst out on the international scene by winning the 1985 Australian Open at the age of 19, he was called a machine, a robot. He was unfailingly polite, as he always would be. But he didn’t give the press much to go on.

“Stefan doesn’t say much, even for a Swede,” according to his more voluble countryman, Mats Wilander.

He didn’t smile much, either. That was what many fans noticed when he upset world number one Ivan Lendl in the Melbourne semi-finals. Lendl’s stolid on-court demeanor was old hat. But they expected more personality from a teenager, especially after witnessing Boris Becker’s jubilant victory at Wimbledon earlier that year.

He could also verge on the heartless. Edberg said in 1986, “For sure, I’m disappointed, but there is always a tournament next week.” That was after losing in the third round at Wimbledon. Ho hum. The following year at the Championships, he beat Stefan Eriksson, 6-0, 6-0, 6-0.

Personality or no, the Swede’s serve-and-volley game steadily gained admirers. He did all the talking he needed to do with his racket. Fellow player Horst Skoff said, “Stefan has the grace of a ballet dancer.”

Edberg at Wimbledon in 1987

Alison Muscatine wrote in the Washington Post: “There is nothing more beautiful or more breathtaking than Stefan Edberg’s tennis game when he is on. Every stroke is poetic, every movement lyrical.”

By 1991, Edberg was number one in the world. He remained a closed book, but journalists chronicling the Hollywood life of Andre Agassi were coming to appreciate that. After the US Open, Sports Illustrated summed him up as “a quiet, tough and admirably swell fellow.” A year later, he defended his title in New York with a series of dramatic victories, even showing the occasional flash of emotion on court. It was unanimous: Stefan was definitely human.

Edberg was an introvert, certainly. He liked things organized. He was easily overshadowed by Becker’s flashiness or the late-career showmanship of Jimmy Connors. No matter. For him, the object was to win tennis matches with a minimum of fuss–no more, no less.

* * *

“I play tennis the simple way,” Edberg told the journalist Franz Lidz in 1991. “Don’t wait for the other guy to make mistakes–just outplay him and finish the point off yourself. Try not to make tennis too difficult: It’s difficult enough. Don’t complicate it: Just hit the ball where the opponent is not.”

Ah, so that’s what I’ve been doing wrong all these years.

Tennis was so simple for Edberg that he was sometimes accused of lacking a brain entirely. Two months after his 18th birthday, he picked up his first tour title with a straight-set victory over Wilander in Milan. The veteran never got a good read on the newcomer’s serve, and he admired Stefan’s second-serve kicker so much that he tried to add it to his own game. After the match, he delivered a whopper of a backhanded compliment:

When I was coming up, Björn Borg told me I could become one of the best players in the world because I used my mind when I play. With his serve, Edberg can play without thinking.

Edberg might not have possessed a tennis brain equal to Wilander’s. Few players did. Still, he was hardly just taking his whacks and hoping for the best.

The young Swede recognized that charging the net was a gamble. He knew that some of his serves would come back too hard. Some passing shots would find the line. But he also learned that he could stack the deck in his favor.

It’s a misleading platitude that tennis is like chess; for one thing, serve-and-volleyers rarely need to think more than one or two moves ahead. Edberg liked the metaphor anyway, and he thought about his own game in those terms. No less an expert than Russian chess great–and tennis fan–Anatoly Karpov concurred. “I play positional chess,” said Karpov. “He plays positional tennis.”

* * *

Even in the 1980s, Edberg’s particular brand of serve-and-volley tennis was something of a throwback. While his serve–especially the high-bouncing second serve–was strong, it was far short of the devastating deliveries wielded by Becker and, later, Pete Sampras.

The few players today who come in behind their serves tend to be the men with the biggest first-strike weapons. The move forward functions as a kind of final sweep. If, somehow, the ball comes back, it’s an easy putaway. That trend was already in evidence by the midway point of Edberg’s career. Men like Goran Ivanišević, Michael Stich, and even Becker could expect that most of their trips to the net would be purely ceremonial.

Edberg serving in 1989

The Swede was different. Like the stars of earlier eras whose serves were limited by primitive equipment and strict foot-fault rules, he used the serve to set up a first, or even second volley. It’s the tactic that he encouraged in Roger Federer, and one that we occasionally see now from Carlos Alcaraz.

We can look at the data compiled by the Match Charting Project to get a sense of how Edberg differed from the best of his serve-and-volleying peers.* In the matches logged by the project, 71% of his serves came back. That’s a solid service performance, but returners had a much harder time against Becker (65%) and Sampras (62%).

* These figures are not official, because the Match Charting Project hasn’t logged anywhere close to every match from this era. In addition, the sample is not random. We’re more likely to have high-profile matches–finals, semi-finals, meetings between elite players–than others, so each man’s true career averages are probably more impressive than the numbers I give here. That said, the biases in the dataset should be roughly the same for all three men, and the stats are based on many thousands of points for each player. We’ve charted 159 Edberg matches, 107 of Becker’s, and 163 involving Sampras.

As soon as Edberg struck his second shot, his numbers edged into elite territory. He won 46% of his total service points with his first or second strike. Becker was only marginally better (47%), and Sampras’s advantage (at 52%) was much smaller than his lead in the unreturned serve category.

When we look specifically at the serves that came back, the gap almost disappears. Edberg won the point 51% of the time that the returner put the ball in play. Becker managed 50%, and Sampras narrowly led the trio at 52%. Opponents may have felt they had a better chance against the Edberg serve, but their optimism was only fleeting.

* * *

It was unfair to suggest that Stefan played without thinking. But there was a grain of truth there. The game did come extremely easily to him. By his early teens, he had developed the signature service motion that later became part of the logo for the Australian Open.

He was also a quick study. His first coach, Percy Rosberg, saw him knife one backhand volley after another and suggested that Stefan trade in his double-handed backhand for a one-hander more akin to his graceful stroke at the net. It was a gamble for an established junior star–he had already won the European Junior Championships–but it barely slowed his progress.

(The advice also makes Rosberg one of the more underrated gurus in modern tennis. A decade earlier, he told a young Borg to ignore the skeptics and stick with his own two-handed backhand.)

Rosberg didn’t like the life of a traveling coach, so Edberg began a career-long relationship with former British Davis Cupper Tony Pickard. Taking over after Stefan’s standout 1984 campaign, Pickard saw only two things missing from the 18-year-old’s game. He needed to improve his body language on court. And to extract the most out of his serve-and-volley strategy, he needed to get faster.

Edberg’s tendency to get down on himself contributed to the generally morose atmosphere in that 1985 Australian Open semi-final with Lendl. Pickard was convinced that the sulking not only gave too much information to opponents, it also directly affected the play of his young charge. In those first few years, the result was to make Edberg seem even more robotic. If he didn’t reveal any negative emotions during matches, he didn’t show any emotion at all.

* * *

The second Pickard project is what inspired all those ballet metaphors. Footspeed isn’t the only ingredient in a successful serve-and-volley attack, but it sure helps.

The difference between Edberg’s service and (for instance) Becker’s more powerful deliveries gave the Swede a tiny bit of extra time to assume a threatening position at the net. As he got faster, opponents couldn’t return the ball and track his location simultaneously. They could only assume he was close, and they were usually right.

By 1991, Edberg had won four majors, and Pickard considered his task accomplished. “Now Stefan moves like a gazelle,” he told Sports Illustrated. “Sometimes he seems to be floating. It’s almost mystical.” Veteran sportswriters had it easy when Roger Federer came along. They could describe the young Fed with the same fawning phrases they had used for Edberg a decade earlier.

The Swede won the US Open that year with a near-perfect performance in the final against Jim Courier. In 1992, he defended the title–barely. It took three straight five-setters, including one of the monumental encounters in tournament history, a semi-final against Michael Chang. Chang was one of the few men on tour with the timing–not to mention the chutzpah–to take Edberg’s serve on the rise, so matches with the American were never easy. In this one, the Swede rushed the net 258 times in 404 points. After five and a half hours, Edberg advanced, 6-7, 7-5, 7-6, 5-7, 6-4.

The final was a cakewalk by comparison. Edberg was exhausted, but so was his opponent, Pete Sampras. Sampras was sick, too. This one took only four sets, and at age 26, Edberg had his sixth major title.

* * *

Early in his career, Stefan once practiced with Jimmy Connors. Connors was famous for his short, intense sessions. He told the Swede that it was only worth playing if you could give 100%. To reach that level in matches, you needed to practice that way, too.

Edberg later said it was the best advice he ever received. He certainly took it seriously. Injuries crept in–Percy Rosberg had predicted back injuries the moment he saw young Stefan’s kick serve–and when the champion couldn’t maintain a high level of form, he didn’t drag things out. He played a competent full season in 1996 and called it quits.

Even in retirement, he keeps Jimbo’s advice in mind. Edberg has taken part in his share of senior events, but he prefers not to play too many. He’s not that interested in competing when he’s not at his best, and he knows the physical demands of reaching that level. Instead, he took up squash, quickly becoming one of the best players in Sweden.

Edberg (right) with Federer at Wimbledon in 2014

And, of course, the graceful netrusher spent two years coaching Roger Federer.

Mats Wilander remains one of Edberg’s most frequent on-court foes. In a broadcast interview, Wilander asked Federer, “What have you told him about his forehand? It’s become a fatal weapon now. I have no chance anymore, that used to be his weak side.”

“You’re right,” Federer joked. “I didn’t call up Stefan to ask him to be my new coach. Stefan called me because he wanted to start working on his forehand in his old age. He said he was willing to pay anything for my advice. So, we work on it daily, and he travels with me wherever I play.”

We all laughed. But during his playing career, Edberg rarely let such a prime opportunity get away. Are you sure you’d put it past him?

In 2022, I’m counting down the 128 best players of the last century. With luck, we’ll get to #1 in December. Enjoy!

* * *

Doris Hart [USA]
Born: 20 June 1925
Died: 29 May 2015
Career: 1938-55
Played: Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
Peak rank: 1 (1951)
Peak Elo rating: 2,317 (1st place, 1953)
Major singles titles: 6
Total singles titles: 85
 

* * *

Doris Hart may well have been the greatest mixed doubles player of all time.

She won 15 majors in the discipline, more than any other player in the amateur era. Only Margaret Court has won more since. From 1951 to 1955, partnering Frank Sedgman and Vic Seixas, Hart entered the mixed event at 13 slams. She won all 13.

For those of you who are new to the series: The Tennis 128 ranking doesn’t consider doubles results–mixed or otherwise. Doris’s place on this list is due entirely to her sterling singles play. Her doubles performances were worthy of an even higher position. On top of the mixed feats, she picked up 14 women’s doubles majors, 11 of them with her best friend, Shirley Fry.

In the 1980s, the author Stan Hart (no relation) asked Louise Brough if there were any doubles teams that she and Margaret Osborne duPont feared. That pair won 20 majors themselves, but Brough had a ready answer: “Doris Hart with anyone.”

Doris competed so well against men because she’d been playing against men her entire life. For years, the face across the net belonged to her older brother Bud. Bud was a promising junior himself, and he reached the top 20 in the United States rankings before enlisting in the Navy. Yet he seems to have realized early on that his role on the national tennis stage was as a mentor to his sister.

The Harts learned the game through endless one-on-one practice, beginning when Doris was 10. Bud was the analyst of the pair. They’d see adults play on a nearby court and try to mimic their strokes. Later, when Doris began to play junior tournaments around the country, Bud eyed the competition and puzzled out what was missing from his sister’s game. They got back to work until each gap was plugged.

One of the skills he tried to drill into Doris was self-defense at the net. With the four-foot, six-inch 13-year-old standing in volleying position, he would hit balls at her as hard as he could. When she complained, he said, “If you return them you won’t get hit. Get back to the net.”

Bud also made sure that his sister became an expert at the half-volley. The pair would draw a line two feet behind the baseline. If Doris stepped behind it, she lost the point. Throughout her career, well-wishers would tell her she was taking too many chances by maintaining such an aggressive court position and taking half-volleys near the baseline. They were risky shots for other women, but not for her.

Hart’s one weakness was mobility–we’ll come back to that in a minute. Find a partner who could do all the running, and there was no stopping her. Seixas later said:

The crux of it is that she could do everything except run. She had great racquet control, volleying, half-volleying and… well, she could do everything. [S]he played mixed doubles with Sedgman and me, who I think were the two best runners in the men’s game. So she had just what she needed.

When Hart won the singles title at the 1954 US National Championships, she completed the career “boxed set” of major titles. That’s a singles, doubles, and mixed doubles championship at each of the four grand slam tournaments. She was the first player ever to do so, and only Court and Martina Navratilova have matched her feat since.

* * *

It’s a miracle that Doris became a competent tennis player at all, let alone one of the greatest of all time.

When she was 15 months old, she developed a bone infection in her right knee. One doctor was ready to amputate, but another was able to keep the damage in check with less drastic measures. Still, her physical development was delayed. She would remain bowlegged for the rest of her life, so much so that many fans assumed she had recovered from polio.

It was hardly her last childhood ordeal, either. Hart went through a bout of double pneumonia. When she was nine years old, she needed an operation after developing a bilateral hernia. Recovering from surgery, she could watch tennis players running around on the courts outside her window. That sparked her imagination, and when Bud brought home a tennis racket soon after, an obsession was born. Growing up in Miami, Bud and Doris could play year round, and they took full advantage.

Within a few years, the pint-sized teenager was playing on even terms with adults. In the summer of 1938, her father’s business took the family to Memphis, Tennessee. 13-year-old Doris won the city championship there, and she added the Arkansas state title for good measure. A trip to Philadelphia for the national junior tournament ended with an early-round defeat, but not before Bud picked up enough ideas to fill the Hart family practice sessions for the entire winter.

The siblings noticed that Doris’s second serve paled next to the American Twist deliveries of the prospects from California. So she learned one. They discovered the effectiveness of a drop shot on grass courts. So she worked on that shot until her touch was impeccable. It became one of her primary assets.

They did plenty of movement drills, too, but as Hart later wrote, “[I]t was still obvious then that I was never going to be labelled a ‘retriever.’ The remedy was to develop an offensive attacking game that required the minimum of running.”

When the young woman sprouted to her full height of five feet, nine inches, her offensive weapons went from capable to crushing. People later learned the saying, “As her service goes, so goes Doris.” More often than not, Doris and her serve went straight for a quick victory.

* * *

Doris won the national junior title in 1942, then defended it in 1943. By then, she was a force on the adult circuit as well. The 16-year-old made her first appearance at Forest Hills in 1941, where she nearly upset Pauline Betz, the eventual finalist and 1942 champion. The next year found her in the quarters. In 1943, she cracked the final four, where she lost another close battle with Betz.

It seemed to be just a matter of time before she became a champion in her own right. Hart was the Forest Hills runner-up in 1946 (to Betz again), and she came in second at both Roland Garros and Wimbledon the year after that. You could hardly blame her for developing a complex. By the end of the 1947 campaign, she had reached 13 major finals–nine in women’s doubles alone. She had only a single title to show for it.

With Bud, the young star had studied strokes and basic tactics. Betz, Brough, and Osborne were older and savvier. After the war, Doris went to the University of Miami, where she could extract the wisdom of veteran coach Mercer Beasley. Beasley had developed promising youngsters including Ellsworth Vines and Frank Parker, and he encouraged Hart “to think more on the court, to use strategy instead of strokes that seemed expedient on the spur of the moment.”

No one ever questioned Doris’s raw talent. Alice Marble wrote to her in 1944, “[Y]ou have much more natural ability than anyone else and you owe it to yourself to be a champion because God only has a few chosen people in tennis and you are one.”

With Alice Marble and the Supreme Being in one’s corner, what could go wrong? In Hart’s case, there were many answers. Bad line calls, lost concentration, poor playing conditions… each one of her near-misses seemed to have an explanation.

It took a piece of luck to reverse the trend. In the 1947 Wimbledon women’s doubles final, Doris and Pat Todd faced the “two bombs”–Osborne and Brough. Brough served for the match at 5-3 in the decider and ran out to a 40-love lead. Louise possessed the best serve in the women’s game. Somehow, Hart and Todd scrambled back, both sides playing brilliant tennis. When the challengers finally created a match point of their own, a dubious line call went against Osborne and Brough. The umpire couldn’t be budged. The final set, and the match, went to Hart and Todd, 7-5.

Doris had her first major title, six years after her first appearance at Forest Hills. She would go on to win 34 more.

* * *

A number of factors helped promote Hart from perennial bridesmaid to champion. One was the departure of Betz, who turned pro early in 1947. Pauline had beaten Doris in 19 of 21 meetings, but they wouldn’t play again until Hart herself joined the professional ranks in 1955.

Doris’s preferred explanation was her improved concentration. She credited Beasley with the boost in her mental game. The change in her fortunes at Wimbledon in 1947 didn’t hurt, though it wasn’t a magic pill. She lost all three finals–each one to Brough–at the All-England Club the following year.

A third reason was her trip to Australia for the 1948-49 season Down Under. During the war, Hart played one partial season after another, in part because of her attempts to get a college education. For the first time, she was able to spend the winter facing top-flight competition. There was a confidence boost, too. At the 1949 Australian Championships, she picked up two of the three titles. She won the singles and mixed doubles (her first major victory with Sedgman) and finished second in the women’s.

Doris never really lost the momentum she gained on that Australian trip, even when eye surgery forced her to skip Wimbledon in 1949.

The association with Sedgman would last through the 1952 season, when the Australian joined Jack Kramer’s professional troupe. In 1949, Hart turned to Shirley Fry as her regular partner for women’s doubles events. They would win all nine majors they entered together between 1951 and 1953.

It all came together for Doris at the All-England Club in 1951. She cruised through the singles draw, setting aside Beverly Baker Fleitz in the semi-finals with the loss of only four games. The women’s singles, women’s doubles, and mixed doubles finals were played on the same day, and as in 1948, Hart figured in all three.

Doris was even better against Fry in the final. The two friends knew each other’s games inside and out; each knew what the other had eaten for breakfast, since they roomed together on the road. Hart confounded her pal’s expectations, relying more on variety and risky net attacks than her normal pattern. It couldn’t have worked any better. In just 34 minutes, Hart won her first Wimbledon singles title, 6-1, 6-0.

Shirley said after the match, “I am glad that Doris won. She deserves a break after all these years.”

Hart and Fry beat Osborne and Brough for the doubles title, despite Shirley picking up an ankle strain in the early going. Finally, Hart and Sedgman straight-setted an Australian duo for Doris’s third championship of the day.

One man who was pleased–if not surprised–by Hart’s triumph was Wimbledon’s resident teaching pro, Dan Maskell, who would later gain fame as the BBC’s voice of The Championships. Maskell had seen all the greats, yet it was Doris’s effortless, powerful forehand that inspired him to chuck his own and learn to hit it like she did. To him, Hart was “one of the most outstanding women ever to grace a tennis court.”

* * *

She still, however, was not the champion of her own country.

In 1949, she recovered from eye surgery quickly enough to reach the Forest Hills final, where she lost to Osborne. Margaret beat her again in the 1950 title match. In 1951, she fell in the semi-finals to the 16-year-old phenom Maureen Connolly. Connolly reigned over Doris as she did the rest of the field, recording final-round victories at Forest Hills again in 1952 and 1953.

Hart was 28 years old. She had played five singles finals for the US National Championship, four of them in the last five years. She was still waiting to win a single set.

In 1954, the field opened up in the worst way possible: Connolly was injured in a horse-riding accident and would never play competitive tennis again. Doris didn’t rejoice–she had planned to play doubles with Little Mo that summer–but she did capitalize. In her first five matches at Forest Hills, she conceded only nine games. She clobbered Fry again in the semis, beating her friend 6-2, 6-0.

She faced another veteran, Louise Brough, for the title. They had met at least 31 times on the singles court, dating back to a first encounter at the national girls’ tournament 14 years earlier. Their list of doubles clashes was even longer. They had even teamed up to win a major, when they traveled to Australia together in 1950.

Both women were champions, but neither had ever gotten comfortable at Forest Hills. Hart later wrote:

There was no cause for final-day jitters… but we both experienced something that afternoon. You might say we were terrified–of winning and of losing, and were cautious and erratic throughout the entire match.

They split two sets, and Brough struck first in the decider. Hart faced a match point while serving at 4-5. She saved it with an ace. Louise generated another opportunity at 5-6 but netted a second-serve return. Doris finally realized she could take the title by simply managing her nerves better than Brough did. When Hart reached a match point of her own, at 7-6, 40-15, she played it safe and let her opponent make the mistake.

The title was hers, 6-8, 6-1, 8-6. She won her national title on the 14th attempt. She had felt the pressure from first ball to last, telling reporters afterward that it was “my toughest match.”

It almost goes without saying that at the same event, Doris won the doubles, with Fry. She and Vic Seixas nearly let the mixed final get away from them–Seixas had also won the singles, and both were ready to celebrate–but they recovered in time to claim their fifth of seven majors as a team.

That last monkey off her back, Hart returned in 1955 and defended her singles victory by reeling off ten straight sets. With Shirley, she came in second to Osborne and Brough, but Doris and Seixas were as impeccable as ever. At 30 years old, two decades after she started watching tennis from a hospital bed, she retired from the amateur game. Counting singles, doubles, and mixed, she is credited with over 300 career titles.

Not bad for a woman who couldn’t run.

In 2022, I’m counting down the 128 best players of the last century. With luck, we’ll get to #1 in December. Enjoy!

* * *

Althea Gibson [USA]
Born: 25 August 1927
Died: 28 September 2003
Career: 1946-60
Played: Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
Peak rank: 1 (1957)
Peak Elo rating: 2,386 (1st place, 1957)
Major singles titles: 5
Total singles titles: 74
 

* * *

Since the end of World War I, 42 women have won three or more grand slam titles. The list runs the gamut from Suzanne Lenglen, who picked up her first in 1919, to Iga Świątek, who recorded her third victory a few weeks ago.

The average age of these superstars at the time of their first major title was 21 and a half. One in three scored their first championship when they were still in their teens. Only four were still slamless on their 27th birthday: Althea Gibson, Angelique Kerber, Margaret Osborne duPont, and Hilde Sperling.

Here’s a histogram of the age distribution, from the trio of 16-year-old first-timers to the lonely quartet of 27- and 28-year-olds:

Beginning a multi-slam career, clearly, is a young woman’s game. In one way, this is obvious. If you win a major as a teen, you have a decade or more ahead of you. In the amateur era, that might have meant 20-plus chances to win more. Today, with players entering all four slams each year, it could mean 40 or more bites at the cherry.

We can also look at this in the reverse direction. If you are the type of player who will be capable of winning a major when you’re 28, you’ll probably peak earlier–often much earlier. Plenty of women in both the amateur and Open eras have won majors at age 28 and beyond, but they are typically the same stars who racked up titles earlier in their careers.

If you manage to win three slams despite starting at such a late age, you’ve defied the aging curve. There’s often an external factor that serves as an explanation. Osborne didn’t win a major until 1946, in part because World War II limited her to one chance per season for six years before that. Sperling started late, and she wasn’t helped by Germany’s exclusion from international tennis after the first World War. She didn’t play a major until she was 21, and her first Wimbledon entry was a year after that. Kerber was just a late bloomer; she’s one of many 21st century stars to challenge the notion that tennis is a young woman’s game.

That leaves Althea Gibson. She played her first major at Forest Hills in 1950, just as she turned 23 years old. She went to Wimbledon the following year, but didn’t make her second trip until 1956, when she was 28. She entered only 15 slams in her entire career, more than half of them after her 28th birthday.

She was a late bloomer, yes. But calling her that is a bit like blaming a dying plant when you forget to water it.

Gibson, a Black woman born in the American South, pried open the doors of racial segregation in tennis at the US National Championships in 1950. Six years later, she reached the Forest Hills final; a year after that, she was the Wimbledon and United States champion and the undisputed best player in the world.

Compared to the fate of the Black players who preceded her, such as Ora Washington, Althea’s career was an unadulterated triumph. She broke new ground for her race nearly every time she stepped on court, ultimately changing the course of American tennis. But compared to what might have been, Gibson’s five major titles and her two- or three-year run at the top are just glimpses of what was possible.

As I’ve said, if a player is capable of winning a major at age 28, they were probably just as good, if not better, years earlier. Althea wasn’t, through no fault of her own. Any analysis of her accomplishments needs to keep in mind that, long after she integrated tennis, the segregated history of the sport severely handicapped her progress.

Gibson is one of the game’s all-time greats. Yet she could have–should have–achieved even more.

* * *

Young Althea started winning tournaments almost as soon as she picked up a tennis racket. She grew up in Harlem, where the local Police Athletic League gave her a taste of a variety of sports. She played paddle tennis from a young age, then fell in love with basketball. She only held her first full-size racket when she was 13.

She won her first tennis trophy when she was 14. In 1944 and 1945, she scored national junior titles at American Tennis Association (ATA) events–the unofficial championships of Black Americans. It was a smooth transition from there to the adult division of the Black game. In 1946, she won two regional events and reached the final of the national tournament, narrowly losing to veteran Roumania Peters.

Gibson in 1950

As a 19-year-old, Gibson established herself as the best player of her race. She played a circuit of six tournaments and won the lot. While the existing records don’t cover every early-round match, there’s no evidence she lost as much as a single set. In another meeting with Peters for the 1947 national championship, she got her revenge, 7-5, 6-0.

She would play the ATA nationals every year until 1956. No one ever beat her there again.

It’s worth taking a step back here and considering the effect of her skin color on the budding star. The USLTA–the governing body of (white) tennis in the United States–was always on the lookout for prospects. Local associations would raise money to send promising teens to the national junior tournament in Philadelphia. Tournament organizers at Forest Hills liberally handed out entries to teens with little experience. Most of the youngsters crashed out early, but that wasn’t the point. Pooh-bahs of the tennis establishment got a look at the rising talent, and up-and-comers gained from the experience.

Gibson benefited from none of this. The pipeline was reserved for white girls.

Althea did have her supporters. Local sponsors in Harlem paid for her first lessons. A pair of patrons, Dr. Robert Walter Johnson and Dr. Hubert Eaton, helped her complete her education and get to tournaments beyond easy commuting distance. Johnson, Eaton, and promoters of the Black game such as Arthur Francis are unsung heroes of the integration story. They assiduously scouted for and developed the talent that could knock down the color barrier. Without them, American tennis would’ve been whites-only for another decade or more.

The one thing that Black supporters couldn’t do for Gibson was arrange matches with high-quality white opponents. Shirley Fry, an excellent junior player from Ohio, was just a few months older than Althea. In 1947, the year that the young Black star won her first ATA title, Fry made her seventh appearance at Forest Hills. When the color barrier finally came down, Gibson had a lot of catching up to do.

* * *

It’s remarkable, then, just how quickly Althea proved herself capable of competing at the highest level.

Dr. Reginald Weir became the first Black entrant at a major USLTA event in 1948, when he competed at the National Indoor tournament in New York. Althea followed a year later, winning matches at both the Eastern Indoor Championships and the National Indoor event in 1949. That was the extent of her welcome; she didn’t play another USLTA tournament until the following year.

In 1950, it was clear she belonged. She won the Eastern Indoors, progressing past five solid regional players without the loss of a set.* A month later, she finished runner-up at the National Indoors to Nancy Chaffee, a strong Californian who would be ranked fourth in the world a year later.

* Althea’s first-round opponent at the Eastern was Veronika Katilius, a former Lithuanian champion who had fled her Soviet-occupied homeland just a few months earlier. Katilius would later coach a young Vitas Gerulaitis.

That summer, thanks in large part to the lobbying of former champion Alice Marble, Gibson was finally invited to play at Forest Hills. The national tournament was played on grass, presenting another challenge beyond the unfamiliar opponents and the gawking crowds. Sarah Palfrey offered Althea a crash course in grass-court play. Palfrey noticed that the five-foot, eleven-inch young woman struggled to get down to low balls, but “[h]er natural timing and big, catlike strides were useful for the faster pace of a grass court.”

Louise Brough would soon discover the same thing. Althea won her first match at Forest Hills easily, setting up a second-rounder with Brough, the reigning Wimbledon champion. Both women struggled with nerves as they split the first two sets. Gibson grappled with the pressure and the packed grandstand court, Brough with the realization that the newcomer might get the better of her. They settled into a third-set slugfest that many onlookers thought Althea would win. Stormy weather halted their progress with Gibson leading, 7-6 in the third.

These days, a player with a suspended match would race back to the clubhouse, hide from reporters, and switch on Netflix to zone out until the next day’s resumption. The old Forest Hills venue left players particularly exposed, and Althea was besieged. She came back the next day as nervous as she had been at the start of the match. Still, after Brough equalized for 7-all, Gibson fought through five deuces before conceding her own serve. The Wimbledon champ secured her victory, 6-1, 3-6, 9-7.

Outcome aside, it was clear that American tennis had a new star. It would take six long years for her to realize her full potential.

* * *

Althea posted a respectable sophomore campaign in 1951. Balancing tennis with her studies at Florida A&M University, she won five titles and got her first taste of European tennis.

Still, her results pointed back to the match experience she had missed in her early years as the queen of the Black tournament circuit. Against second-rate white competition, she never lost. Faced with a top-tenner, she barely stood a chance. She lost to Chaffee again at the National Indoors, and she dropped decisions elsewhere to Fry, Doris Hart, and Beverly Baker Fleitz. On the American grass-court circuit, she had the misfortune of running into the fast-rising Maureen Connolly–twice.

The 41 matches Gibson played in 1951 were the closest she would come to a full season until 1956. Her attempt to belatedly climb the ladder of American tennis exposed a vicious circle of the amateur era. To improve, you needed match play. To become match-hardened, you needed to go where the top players were competing. To get there, you had to have a high ranking… or some alternative source of financial support. The USLTA wouldn’t bankroll more of Althea’s travel until they thought her results justified it. (And, presumably, they held her to a particularly high standard.) The money wasn’t coming from anywhere else.

Lester Rodney was a journalist who covered the Black stars of integration-era baseball. He wrote of Gibson’s first appearance at Forest Hills, “In many ways, it is even a tougher personal Jim Crow-busting assignment than was Jackie Robinson’s when he first stepped out of the Brooklyn Dodgers dugout.”

Rodney was referring to the loneliness of a single competitor representing her race for the first time in an individual sport. Indeed, “lonely” is a word that comes up again and again in descriptions of Althea’s time on the circuit.

But once the color barrier was down, Gibson’s real challenge was structural, not psychological. She had to pay the bills, and the amateur-era establishment did little to help. Jackie Robinson at least got a regular paycheck. The USLTA held to a stricter definition of professionalism than other national federations, so the usual workarounds–endorsements, no-show jobs, etc–weren’t allowed. Top male players might land a flexible gig with a tennis fanatic for a boss. But in the 1950s, women who hoped to take time off for tournaments were generally stuck temping in a secretarial pool.

So Althea finished her degree, found a job at Lincoln University in St. Louis, and played a few tournaments every summer. By 1955, she was ready to quit tennis entirely.

* * *

It’s a good thing she stuck with it. A State Department tour through Asia in the winter of 1955-56 launched Gibson on one of the most extraordinary breakout seasons in history.

She played her way through Southeast Asia, India, and Pakistan, befriending her future doubles partner, Angela Buxton. The tour left her in Europe in time for the winter indoor season. In Stockholm, Cologne, Paris, and Lyon, she won three tournaments and 12 of 13 matches (at least–records may not be quite complete), easily handling the best competition on the Continent. The only woman who could beat her–the only opponent who would do so for months–was a stubborn Brit, Angela Mortimer.

When the circuit shifted to clay courts, Gibson was even better. After dropping a pair of finals to Mortimer in Egypt, she won seven straight tournaments on dirt. The streak culminated in her first major championship, a victory at Roland Garros, where she finally turned the tables on her British tormentor. She defeated Mortimer in the Paris final, 6-0, 12-10.

By now, she was impervious to surface. Althea won the first three grass-court events she played in Britain, knocking out Shirley Fry and Louise Brough in back-to-back matches at the Northern Championships in Manchester. She entered Wimbledon on a 44-match win streak.

Her next seven months were even better. Between Wimbledon and the Australian Championships in January 1957, Gibson won 70 of 75 matches. She claimed titles–ten of them–on three continents. The only obstacle standing behind Althea and total world domination was Shirley Fry, the unassuming retriever who had a knack for absorbing power and grinding out tough victories. All five of Gibson’s losses in that span came against Fry–at Wimbledon, Forest Hills, and the Australian Championships.

* * *

I suspect that Althea would’ve soon figured out how to beat Fry. As it turned out, she didn’t have to. On the Australian trip, Shirley met her husband-to-be, got pregnant, and retired from tennis.

With Fry out of the picture, Gibson towered over the field to an extent that hadn’t been seen since the reign of Alice Marble in the 1930s. After the 1957 Australian final, she didn’t lose another match for the entire season. She defended her titles in England and cruised to her first Wimbledon championship without dropping a set. The young British hope Christine Truman managed just two games in the semi-final. Darlene Hard won only five in the final.

Back home, Althea sent Louise Brough into retirement as well. The two women met in four finals, and Gibson won the lot. Brough’s fearsome kick serve always threatened to keep things close, but when the stakes were high, Gibson simply dominated. She beat Louise for her first Forest Hills final, 6-3, 6-2. At the Pacific Southwest in Los Angeles a month later, she won the title match, 6-3, 6-1.

1958 was just as good. After a few blips on the Caribbean circuit–Althea lost two decisions to Janet Hopps and a third to Beverly Baker Fleitz–she was unbeatable once again. Between May and August, Gibson won 33 straight matches. She defended her Wimbledon and United States crowns, conceding just three sets in a four-month span.

When she won the 1958 Forest Hills title, Gibson had just turned 31 years old. She would finish the year as the world number one for the second straight year–third, if you go by my historical Elo ratings. She had broken every barrier there was to break in her sport.

* * *

Had she continued competing on the amateur tour, the reigning number one probably could’ve doubled her career total of five majors–at least. The years immediately after she stepped away were something of a transition period. Maria Bueno was the only star who might have challenged her before Margaret Smith (the future Margaret Court) came along in the early 1960s.

But after her 1958 triumphs, Althea was ready to move on. She told Sarah Palfrey the year before, “Let’s face it: I’ve gotta make good while the iron’s hot.” She had seen her fellow 1957 Wimbledon champion, Lew Hoad, sign a pro contract worth $125,000. She knew the bleak history of women’s professional tours, but she felt it was time for conquests that could be measured in dollars.

After playing (and winning) the 1959 Pan-American Games in Chicago, Gibson went pro. She wrote a book, went to Hollywood, tried her hand at acting, and released an album of jazz standards. She signed on for the inevitable barnstorming tour, playing against Karol Fageros as the opening act before Harlem Globetrotters basketball games. Fageros was better known for her looks than her tennis skills, and Gibson won 114 of their 118 meetings.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TcwvbIP5Ml8

There never were any suitable job openings for a retired Black woman tennis star. Gibson joined the pro golf tour, breaking more racial barriers and setting the occasional course record, though she never approached the top of the world rankings. She wrote another memoir and attempted a couple of tennis comebacks when the professional and amateur games merged in the Open era.

Althea was, in so many ways, born too soon. Around the age that Gibson finally reached the apex of the game, most of her white peers on the circuit retired to get married, raise families, and perhaps coach a little tennis on the side. That was what was expected of them, and after their youthful forays into competitive sport, that was what they did.

Gibson had to fight for a right to play on the circuit. She struggled for years to get enough competitive match play to reach her potential. Having achieved everything an amateur tennis aspirant could hope for, she found herself back at square one, searching for a place in a world that didn’t quite know what to make of her.

It might have been little consolation to Althea in 1959, but her struggles made so much possible, for both Black stars and women athletes in general. While she never got a proper sendoff at Forest Hills herself, there’s a direct line running from her own accomplishments in the 1950s to the Serena Williams retirement party that defined the 2022 US Open.

* * *

Previous: No. 43, Guillermo Vilas

Next: No. 41, Doris Hart

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In 2022, I’m counting down the 128 best players of the last century. With luck, we’ll get to #1 in December. Enjoy!

* * *

Guillermo Vilas [ARG]
Born: 17 August 1952
Career: 1972-88
Plays: Left-handed (one-handed backhand)
Peak rank: litigation pending
Peak Elo rating: 2,298 (1st place, 1977)
Major singles titles: 4
Total singles titles: 62
 

* * *

Was Guillermo Vilas ever the number one player in the world?

It depends who you ask. These days, the ATP ranking formula is the only game in town. You might disagree with its priorities or its conclusions, but the ATP computer is as official as it gets. By that standard, Vilas topped out at number two. At the end of 1977, a season in which the Argentinian dirtballed his way to a 131-13 record and 16 titles, he was still number two. Jimmy Connors held the top spot.

The ATP rankings were only four years old in 1977. For decades, players and tournaments had relied on lists published by journalists, national federations, and various other panels of experts. Those tables didn’t simply go away when the player’s association unveiled its own formula. Most of the pundits looked at Vilas’s record–including championships at Roland Garros and the US Open–and decided that he, not Connors, was the left-hander who belonged at the top of the heap.

It gets even more complicated. In the early years of the computer rankings, the ATP didn’t publish an updated list every week, as they do now. Journalist Eduardo Puppo made it his personal mission to correct the record. With the help of Romanian mathematician Marian Ciulpan, he reconstructed the rankings for those missing weeks. Their work suggests that, had the association bothered to keep the table current, Vilas would have been number one for seven weeks in 1975 and 1976.

The controversy should’ve ended there. Ciulpan’s database of results is at least as complete and accurate as the ATP’s own. His effort to recreate the ranking formula of the time reflects far more diligence than the player’s body ever mustered on its own.

But no. Tennis has rarely left a potential multi-year legal battle unfought.* When Puppo and Ciulpan presented their research, the ATP didn’t refute it. They essentially ignored it. In their record books, Vilas remains outside the coveted number one club.

* The WTA set a better example. Evonne Goolagong was never recognized as number one during her career. When the organization discovered, in 2007, that she should’ve briefly held the position in 1976, they fixed the mistake and have properly celebrated the Australian’s status ever since.

The strange thing about accepting the ATP’s own measurement as gospel is that the measuring stick itself has changed. The association has tweaked its ranking algorithm continually in its 49 years of existence. The formula has changed a great deal since 1977. The current system is additive–that is, players are ranked according to the sum of the points earned in their best 18 events. (Caveat caveat caveat, of course it’s not that simple, but that’s the basic idea.) When Vilas was at his peak, the system was based on an average of points per tournament. That approach tended to favor those who played more limited schedules–and excelled at a few major events–at the expense of those who toiled for more weeks of the year.

If the current formula were applied to the 1977 season, Vilas would look much better. He won two majors, reached the Australian Open final, and won 14 other titles. We could quibble over the details of how that translates into points on the modern scale. Bottom line, it would almost definitely earn him the number one spot. Connors, with his zero-slam campaign, wouldn’t come close. Ironically, Jimbo might fall all the way to third. While Björn Borg didn’t play as much as either man, he won Wimbledon and posted a won-loss record of 75-6.

One more opinion. My historical Elo ratings–the system that comes closest to estimating how well each man was playing and how likely they were to win later matches–concur that Vilas was number one. He earned the spot for one week in 1975, then 31 more weeks between October 1977 and March 1978.

For me, the issue is settled. Vilas was the best player in the world. Knowledgeable fans have thought of the left-hander as number one for 45 years, and the ATP is doing itself a disservice by blocking the Argentine from its most elite club. All that’s left is to shift around a few bits on a database server in Florida.

* * *

All the talk about rankings obscures just how mind-blowing that 1977 season was. Vilas–known all over the world as “Willie”–is the only man in the Open era to ever win 16 titles in the same calendar year. His 131 match victories are also a record. (One source even gives him 139. That might count exhibitions. Either way: He won a lot.)

Between Roland Garros and a tournament in Aix en Provence in late September, the Argentine won 53 consecutive matches on clay courts. He lost the Aix final to Ilie Năstase–in questionable circumstances I’ll get back to in a moment–then ran off another 21 in a row to finish the season.

Reverse the result of the Năstase match, and that’s a 75-match clay court winning streak. It might have even hit 80. Willie pulled out of a Madrid tournament the week after Aix, citing an injury he picked up playing the Romanian.

The only objection one could make to Vilas’s dominance in that stretch is that he generally managed to avoid the other best players in the world. Borg skipped the French Open because he was committed to World Team Tennis*, so the Argentine didn’t meet Borg for his entire streak. They had played twice on clay in April, and Björn won both meetings. Vilas faced Connors only once. At least the South American took that opportunity to make a statement. In the US Open final, he sent Jimbo home in four sets, finishing the job 6-0.

* Yes, WTT was so prominent (read: it paid so well) in the mid-1970s that players were willing to miss Roland Garros.

In the other 73 matches that made up Vilas’s streaks, he defeated anyone who dared show up for an event on dirt. Brian Gottfried was the closest thing the United States had to a clay court specialist. Gottfried reached the French final and took only three games from the Argentine in three sets. Sports Illustrated called him “bewildered.” The pair played two more finals that summer, and Willie didn’t drop a set. Raúl Ramírez, Eddie Dibbs, Roscoe Tanner, Harold Solomon, Wojtek Fibak, Stan Smith, Jaime Fillol… Vilas beat them all.

* * *

He beat them all, except for Năstase. I promised I’d come back to that.

Năstase played the Aix final with a “spaghetti-strung” racket, a twisted, Frankensteinian stringing job that gave its possessor catapult-like power combined with unpredictable, sometimes violent bounces. It wasn’t easy to get under control, but a player who could tame it could drive his opponents nuts.

The spaghetti stringing involved a variety of unlikely materials–nylon, fishing line, and adhesive tape. The process involved doubling the cross strings with the oddball additions. It wasn’t against the rules because at the time, there were no rules governing the nature of rackets and their strings. The evil genius responsible for this was a German horticulturist named Werner Fischer, who ultimately offered both a racket and the off-the-wall stringing job for $100 a pop. German pros generally wrote him off as an eccentric, but he caught the attention of Barry Phillips-Moore, an Australian veteran who took the racket on tour.

At first, Phillips-Moore tried to keep the details of the stringing job to himself. But Mike Fishbach, an American player from Long Island struggling to get a foothold on tour, took a good look and decided he could recreate the effect himself. 30 hours of work later, he had his own spaghetti racket. Fishbach deployed it at the 1977 US Open. He made it through qualifying, then beat Billy Martin and Stan Smith.

The racket was such a sensation that it threatened to outshine the more conventional tennis elsewhere on the grounds. It didn’t take a traditionalist to object to the radically different effects that the double-strung weapon made possible. John Feaver, a Brit who earned more than a few clubhouse back-slaps by defeating Fishbach in the third round, described what he was up against:

You don’t know what’s going on with the bloody thing. You can’t hear the ball come off the racquet. It looks like an egg in flight, and you can’t pick it up until it’s halfway on you. When it bounces, it can jump a yard this way or that way, and up or down.

* * *

Everybody hated the new racket. But everyone also noticed that it worked. A few weeks after the Open, Năstase went to Paris, where he found himself bounced in the first round of the Coupe Porée by the unheralded Georges Goven. Goven’s racket was spaghetti-strung.

The Romanian didn’t approve, saying, “In future I shall refuse to play.” Patrice Dominguez was another early loser in Paris, and he led the French Union of Professional Tennis Players in seeking an immediate ban.

Christophe Roger-Vasselin made the finals of the Coupe Porée with a double-strung racket. The only man who could stop him was Vilas.

By the next week in Aix en Provence, Năstase had decided that he might as well join the crowd. The number of spaghetti stringing jobs kept increasing. Vilas faced one in the semi-finals, needing five strenuous sets to get past Eric Deblicker, a Frenchman even more anonymous than Goven. That put him in the final against Ilie.

Năstase wasn’t as good on clay as the Argentine–at that point, no one was–but he wasn’t far off. Combine Ilie’s shotmaking with the hyper-powered strings, and Vilas had no chance at all. Năstase won the first two sets, 6-1, 7-5, and Guillermo refused to continue.

Gene Mayer, a young American on tour, saw the match:

Năstase with his top spin off the spaghetti racket is impossible to play against unless you have the racket yourself. Guillermo worked his tail off. I’ve never seen him try harder. Those two sets were like seven. It’s a miracle–a monument to his strength–that he got those five games in the second set. Only he could get five. As far as the players are concerned that wasn’t a loss. Vilas’ clay-court streak was still alive.

A month later, the whole thing was moot, a wrong turn on the road to better equipment technology. The ITF placed a temporary ban on the stringing technique–made permanent the following year–and the USTA forbade it shortly thereafter. Fishbach picked up a few more wins, but Willie was untroubled by spaghetti rackets the rest of the season.

There is, however, a tantalizing postscript. Vilas–already the best, or second-best clay-court player in the world–couldn’t help but try out the double-strung racket himself. “[I]n his training matches,” said coach Ion Țiriac, “Guillermo simply is unbeatable!”

* * *

I went down the spaghetti-racket rabbit hole partly because I couldn’t resist, but partly to demonstrate just how far rivals had to go to challenge Vilas on clay. He was that good.

He arrived on the North American scene in 1974, a clay-court savant with a backhand that, as journalist Joe Jares described it, “lands in his opponent’s court at a zillion RPMs and scoots for cover like a terrified jackrabbit.” He mixed that up with a slice, and he was willing and able to run all day. In his breakout season as a 22-year-old, he picked up seven titles.

If anything was missing, it was the single-minded focus that would come to define his rival, Borg. Vilas styled himself a poet, even self-publishing a book. (It sold out two print runs. Reviews were, let us say, mixed.) He enjoyed his newfound celebrity and sampled the dating field of international starlets.

The Argentine also seemed to lack the vaunted killer instinct. Țiriac said, “This guy not capable in life to kill a fly.”

When Vilas teamed up with Țiriac–the Brașov Bulldozer who had led Năstase to superstardom and inspired every sports journalist on earth to learn the word “glowering”–he let the coach take over everything. Țiriac handled scheduling, endorsements, exhibitions, and more. If it were possible to outsource a killer instinct to one’s coach, Willie would’ve done it. The combination would’ve created the greatest tennis player of his era.

What Țiriac could do was ensure that his charge was the fittest man on tour. Fellow players would collapse halfway through Țiriac-Vilas practice sessions. The Romanian coach worked out a strategy for every opponent, then drilled it until it could be drilled no more.

In the 1977 US Open final, Vilas exposed a Connors weakness by constantly chipping to Jimbo’s forehand. “You like that shot?” Vilas asked reporters after match. “I practice that one nine hours or something [in the] last few days.”

* * *

1978 opened with the belated culmination of the 1977 season. The Masters event at Madison Square Garden was newly sponsored by Colgate, and the company shelled out enough cash to ensure that the big three–Borg, Connors, and Vilas–all showed up. The number one ranking–in hearts and minds, anyway, if not on the ATP computer–was at stake.

The round robin event settled nothing. Vilas beat Connors, Connors beat Borg, and Borg beat Vilas.

The Argentine still had a case for number one. But he relaxed and let Țiriac schedule a slew of big money exhibitions while Connors and Borg tightened their grip on the circuit. He dropped the Roland Garros final to the Swede in a match nearly as routine as his defeat of Gottfried the year before. At the US Open–now, alas, played on hard courts–he crashed out in the fourth round.

Peaking at the same time as Björn Borg, it turned out, was not a good idea.

Between 1976 and 1980, Vilas lost eleven straight meetings with the Swede. Willie remained a thorn in the side of everyone else on clay courts, especially the United States Davis Cup team when they were forced to play away ties in Buenos Aires. Vilas even developed a workable game for grass courts, picking up the 1978 and 1979 Australian Open titles against middling fields. But he never again threatened to become number one.

In the end, Vilas’s reputation as an all-time great rests on that exceptional 1977 season and his ability to rise above the already stratospheric levels of Connors and Borg. His time at the top was short, at least compared to the reigns of his two prime rivals. But he deserves to be recognized for achieving the number one ranking, even if the accolade comes nearly a half-century too late.

In 2022, I’m counting down the 128 best players of the last century. With luck, we’ll get to #1 in December. Enjoy!

* * *

Jaroslav Drobný [CZE/EGY/GBR]
Born: 21 October 1921
Died: 13 September 2001
Career: 1938-65
Played: Left-handed (one-handed backhand)
Peak rank: 1 (1954)
Major singles titles: 3
Total singles titles: 158
 

* * *

Jaroslav Drobný was, in a way, the John Isner of his day. His serve was nearly unbreakable, and with a backhand that often abandoned him under pressure, he struggled to make headway against his opponents’ service games as well.

One difference: Drobný was a lefty. He took full advantage of his left-handedness in an era with even fewer standout southpaws than there are today.

He owned what Harry Hopman called a “big fast service,” which he often used to pile up ace after ace. He possessed every other serve in the book, too. Lefty slice? Check. Nasty kicker? Got that too.

Lew Hoad beat him only once in seven tries. He wrote that the Czech had “more serves than a magician has rabbits in a hat.” Hoad compared the challenge of facing Drobný’s serve to that of a cricket batsman trying to guess what delivery will come next.

One result of the Czech’s service prowess was an Isnerian predilection for very long matches.

In the 1948 Davis Cup Inter-Zonal final against Australia, the lefty dropped his first rubber to Bill Sidwell, 6-3, 6-2, 9-11, 14-12. Drobný and Vladimir Černík kept the Czechs in the tie with a win in the doubles, starting with a 10-8 opening set. To continue the comeback, Drobný faced down Adrian Quist in the longest Davis Cup match of the amateur era. He saved five match points–five points that would’ve given the tie to Australia–before pulling out a victory, 6-8, 3-6, 18-16, 6-3, 7-5.

In addition to the serve, Drobný had one of the best smashes in the game

Long before the tiebreak was invented, Drobný was no stranger to marathon sets. At Wimbledon in 1953, he and Budge Patty delivered the match of the tournament in the third round. The Czech won, 8-6, 16-18, 3-6, 8-6, 12-10. At 10-all in the decider, the referee indicated that the match would be suspended for darkness after two more games. The 31-year-old Drobný knew he would barely be able to move the next day, so he made a final, desparate push to finish the match.

The veterans met again two years later for a wood-court title in Lyon. After three hours and 45 minutes, the score stood at 21-19, 8-10, 21-21. At that point, as the New Yorker put it, “the contestants arrived at one of the most sensible decisions in the annals of tennis.” They called it a draw.

I forgot to mention one thing. Jaroslav Drobný–the left-handed ace machine, the master of a half-dozen deliveries, the man who could hold serve 20 times in a set–stood five feet, seven inches tall.

* * *

Drobný didn’t look like a tennis player, and it’s only by an accident of family history that he became one. His parents tried for years to find an apartment for their growing family. When an opportunity finally arose, the new home came attached to a job. Father Josef would be the live-in head groundsman at the First Czech Lawn Tennis Club.

By the time young Jaroslav–“Jarda” to his friends–moved to the family’s roomier new digs, he was an avid footballer and a prodigy on ice skates. Tennis was the national sport for the elites. Jarda, a working-class boy, was on his way to mastering the favorite games of the Czech masses.

Drobný was offered a pro football contract as a teen. By then, though, he was developing into one of the strongest tennis players in the country. In the winter of 1936-37, aged 15, he was the youngest player ever chosen for the national ice hockey team. He would forgo football and balance the other two pursuits for more than a decade, wielding a racket in the summer, a hockey stick in the winter.

Strangely, for a man who would struggle with his backhand for much of his career, he was more or less ambidextrous. He played hockey and golf right-handed. As a ball boy at his father’s club, he saw plenty of top international stars up close, and for a time, he emulated the two-handed backhand of Australians Viv McGrath and Geoff Brown. He might have had a smoother path to the top had he defied convention and stuck with a double-hander.

Jarda looked more suited to ice hockey than tennis. He was not only short, he was stocky. Hopman described him as “thickset to chunkiness.” Time magazine simply called him “squat.” His appearance became even more unusual when, during a hockey game, an opponent’s skate blade scraped his eye. He needed glasses for the rest of his life.

The silver-medal winning 1948 Czechoslovakian Olympic team. Drobný stands furthest to the left in the back row.

His appearance raised doubts, but his racket silenced them. In 1937, Drobný defeated the ethnically German Czech veteran, Roderich Menzel, the only time Menzel was ever beaten in his home country. The following year, Jarda made his first trip to Wimbledon, where he lost in the first round. He watched Don Budge win the title, the third leg of the American’s Grand Slam. Budge followed the Czech delegation home to play the International tournament in Prague, where he won again–but only after Drobný pushed him to five sets.

* * *

In 1939, the 17-year-old Czech reached the third round at Wimbledon and was well on the way to stardom. However, German aggression halted international competition in Europe. Drobný had it better than most. The German occupiers in Prague generally left him alone. He was drafted to work at a factory, but he could still play ice hockey, and when scarce balls and racket string were available, he could practice his tennis, as well.

As the European circuit resumed in 1946, Drobný was better prepared than most of his Continental competition. He reached the semi-final at Wimbledon on the back of a shock fourth-round upset of the second seed, Jack Kramer. It was the first of many dramatic matches he’d play on the No. 1 court, and it foreshadowed the marathon duels in his future at the Championships. He beat Kramer 2-6, 17-15, 6-3, 3-6, 6-3.

The Czech did even better at the French, which was held later that summer. In Paris, he made it to the final and won the first two sets of an all-lefty battle with Marcel Bernard before falling in five.

The runner-up finish at Roland Garros offered an outline of Drobný’s fate for the rest of the decade. He became known for an occasional lack of concentration, as well as the flimsy backhand that collapsed under pressure.

At Forest Hills the following year, he took a one-set lead over Kramer in the semi-finals. But he lost focus when tournament officials asked the players to switch courts. He was also distracted when his opponent changed into spiked shoes, which he’d never seen before. He won only four games in the final three sets. At the 1948 US National Championships, a similar story played out in a semi-final against Richard “Pancho” González. After splitting two hard-fought sets, 10-8 and 9-11, Drobný managed just three games the rest of the way.

Jarda was runner-up in Paris again in 1948 (to Frank Parker), second place at Wimbledon to Ted Schroeder in 1949, and bridesmaid to Budge Patty at the French in 1950. Parker was the only man who put him away in four sets; his other three final-round losses up to that point required five.

“[Drobný] is always the most feared opponent in any tournament,” Patty wrote in 1951, “because he is capable of beating anyone in the world.” He just had a hard time finishing the job in a major final.

Patty recognized that some of his rival’s struggles were psychological. If those could be overcome, watch out. “Once he is champion he will be a king difficult to dethrone.”

* * *

The war was over, international tennis was back to normal, and–for a little while–Czechoslovakia was no different. Drobný and his teammate, Vladimir Černík, made up a dangerous Davis Cup side. They won the European Zone, falling one step short of the Challenge Round, in both 1947 and 1948.

But as the Russians tightened their grip on Czechoslovakia, no aspect of life in Prague went untouched. Party officials could withhold exit visas, and they increasingly controlled Drobný’s schedule. They even became stingy with equipment. Sokol, the national gymnastics body, took over all of sport, and the upper-class associations of lawn tennis caused the racket sport and its exponents to fall under suspicion.

When the Davis Cup team went to North America in 1948 for the Inter-Zonal final, they were accompanied by a new captain, former great Karel Koželuh. Koželuh, however, didn’t do much coaching. He was well-connected at home, and he was more concerned with keeping his name clean. More than anything else, that meant making sure Drobný didn’t defect.

It was a justifiable fear. The United States accepted several defectors from Eastern Bloc countries at the 1948 London Olympics. A number of less prominent Czechs went into voluntary exile. In 1950, the entire national ice hockey team hatched a plan to defect as a group. When they were caught, most of the players were barred from organized competition and sent to work in Sudetenland’s uranium mines.

Drobný, as a two-sport star, was safe for the moment. The government recognized the power of sport as propaganda, and he could help deliver that. But it was less clear what would happen when he stopped winning. When the Davis Cup team advanced, the press hailed them as heroes of the proletariat. When they lost, they were lazy, capitalist flunkies.

The breaking point came in July of 1949, at a tournament in Gstaad. Party minders ordered Drobný and Černík to withdraw and return home. The event was off-limits, they said, because of the presence of competitors from “fascist” Germany and Spain. The players refused. Drobný reached the final, and the duo won the doubles. They announced they would seek exile.

Drobný and Černík were an interational sensation, front page news in the New York Times. Leaving their families behind, they said they would apply for asylum in the United States.

Sokol immediately issued a statement. The traitorous pair had gone over “to the pay of capitalist entrepreneurs.”

* * *

The only entrepreneur involved in the decision was Jaroslav Drobný. Exile wasn’t easy. Britain ignored an asylum request*, and he attempted to settle in Australia before making connections in Egypt that got him citizenship there. Until he settled in London a few years later with his wife, fellow player Rita Anderson Jarvis, he essentially lived on the circuit, out of a suitcase.

* Years after marrying a British national, Jarda would finally become a citizen. In 1960, he played his final Wimbledon as a representative of the host country.

Somehow, the loneliness of solo travel didn’t stop him from playing some of the best tennis the Continent had ever seen.

Here is a summary of Drobný’s record from 1950 to 1954, based on the results listed at TennisArchives.com:

Year   Matches  Wins  Events  Finals  Titles  
1950       100    88      27      21      15  
1951        97    85      31      22      19  
1952       104    97      31      29      23  
1953        75    67      21      15      13  
1954        88    78      26      19      16  
Total      464   415     136     106      86

As usual when we’re dealing with amateur-era results, these totals are probably not quite complete. All events are likely accounted for (except for exhibitions), and for a player of Drobný’s stature, we probably know about all of his losses. These numbers may miss some early-round victories.

The sum of his performances are truly remarkable. He won 89% of his matches in this five-year span. He reached the final in four out of every five tournaments he entered. He took the title at nearly two in three.

Some of the events were minor. After all, there weren’t 30-plus major tournaments on offer every year, especially for a player who didn’t like the bustle of Forest Hills and preferred to stick to European clay. But Drobný hardly avoided competition. He finally won the French in 1951, then mounted a successful defense a year later. He reached a second Wimbledon final in 1952, where he lost to Frank Sedgman.

With the backing of Egypt’s King Farouk and a reputation as the best player on the Continent, the exile’s bet on himself paid off. Not only was he free of suffocating political control, he could also make a handsome living. While no amateur tennis players got rich on the circuit, the best of them collected ample expense money at nearly every stop. Drobný made a lot of stops.

* * *

In 1954, Jarda was 32 years old. He could no longer serve as hard as he used to, at least not all the time. For years, he had heard people say that his game couldn’t keep up with the speed of grass courts. With two final-round losses in ten attempts at Wimbledon, he could never quite prove them wrong.

We saw a moment ago that he was still a dominant player in 1954. But he lost in the fourth round at Roland Garros–his worst result at the French to that point–to eventual finalist Art Larsen. The Wimbledon committee considered that upset, combined it with Drobný’s fatigued semi-final defeat to the unseeded Kurt Nielsen the year before, and saddled him with the 11th seed.

The exile loved Wimbledon, and the crowds loved him back. But he was so insulted that he was tempted to withdraw from the tournament. His wife talked sense into him, and he compromised by entering only the singles draw. On his days off, he went fishing.

A year after his record-setting marathon against Patty, things couldn’t have gone more smoothly. He didn’t lose a set in his first five matches. Larsen, the seeded player he was drawn to face in the fourth round, didn’t make it that far. Drobný’s quarter-final opponent, second-seed Lew Hoad, couldn’t make inroads against the veteran’s service savvy and went out in straights.

No British players made it past the fourth round, so the home fans had an easy decision. Everyone was for Drobný, the warrior, the underdog, the adopted Londoner with his home in Tooting.

(Not everyone recognized him–after all, he never did look like a tennis player. When he arrived at the All-England Club one day, a scalper tried to sell him a ticket. “Sorry,” Drobný said, “I shall have to stand during the match.”)

In the semi-final, the left-hander came up against–who else?–Budge Patty. The two men had played 13 times since the war, five of those going to a fifth set. Two months earlier, Patty had won a marathon four-setter in the semi-finals of the Italian, every set reaching 5-all. This time, Drobný wrote, “my resolve was calm, my temperament equable.” He beat Patty in four.

Waiting in the final was the 19-year-old Ken Rosewall, an Australian already recognized as possessing the best backhand in tennis. Rosewall followed the old game plan, using his own baseline weapons to attack Drobný’s weaker wing. On this day, the Czech’s backhand held up.

They split the first two sets: the first to Drobný, 13-11, the second to Rosewall, 6-4. The veteran had played a cagey game up to that point, sticking to the backcourt. The Australian, with his middling serve, did the same. In the third, Drobný went on the attack, coming in behind his serves and grabbing the edge, 6-2.

Jarda served for the match at 5-4 in the fourth, but Rosewall still wasn’t done. With a lucky net cord and a stinging backhand down the line, he fought back to 5-all. The Australian was visibly tiring, but he held on through 14 games. Finally Drobný broke to take the lead. With two big serves, he sealed the victory, 9-7 in the fourth.

Champion in his eleventh Wimbledon, the 32-year-old said after the match, “That’s it–and that’s all. From here in it will be fun.”

In 2022, I’m counting down the 128 best players of the last century. With luck, we’ll get to #1 in December. Enjoy!

* * *

Conchita Martínez [ESP]
Born: 16 April 1972
Career: 1988-2006
Plays: Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
Peak rank: 2 (1995)
Peak Elo rating: 2,328 (2nd place, 1995)
Major singles titles: 1
Total singles titles: 33
 

* * *

Didn’t see this one coming, did you?

There is probably no Open era player more underrated than Conchita Martínez. Her timing is partly to blame: She arrived on the scene alongside other players who peaked sooner. Steffi Graf and Gabriela Sabatini were already there. Monica Seles, while a year and a half younger than Martínez, was one of the great teen sensations of all time. Arantxa Sánchez Vicario was four months older, and she won the hearts of her countrymen before many of them knew Conchita’s name.

Then there’s her playing style. Graf, Seles, and Jennifer Capriati hit harder than anyone who had come before them. Arantxa excelled at a retrieving game that made her a lovable underdog. Martínez, by contrast, was a less graceful version of Sabatini, complete with an increasingly anachronistic one-handed backhand. She outlasted opponents by alternating heavy topspin with a sizzling slice backhand, camping out several feet behind the court while her contemporaries refused to give an inch at the baseline.

She earned the nickname “Señorita Topspin,” playing a game that connoisseurs could appreciate but would rarely inspire oohs and aahs from the crowd.

Conchita’s career trajectory, as well, is of the type that defies full recognition. Tennis fans love the youthful breakout, the stratospheric peak. There were plenty of those in the early 1990s. Martínez opted for the slow burn. She won her first tour-level title in 1988, when she was 16 years old. She ultimately picked up at least one winner’s trophy in thirteen different seasons, hoisting the last one in 2005, when she was 32.

From 1993 to 2000, she reached the third round at thirty consecutive majors. Yes, I know, grand slam third rounds aren’t exactly the currency of tennis greatness. But players outside the innermost circle of the Hall of Fame almost never put together streaks like that. Sánchez Vicario is the only other woman since 1990 to reach more than 18 in a row. Elise Mertens was the active leader with 17 until last month, when she lost to Irina-Camelia Begu in the first round of the US Open. Mertens fell more than three years short of Conchita’s standard.

Most of all, fans fail to appreciate Martínez because she peaked in the most unassuming fashion imaginable.

Conchita, thinking

The Spaniard won her lone major title at Wimbledon in 1994. (Yes, the consummate dirtballer won Wimbledon–we’ll come back to that.) She would’ve been the underdog against almost anyone, and as things turned out, her victory was also the secondary news item of the day–by far. She defeated Martina Navratilova in what was almost the highlight of the nine-time champion’s retirement tour. Martina’s farewell was, understandably, the story of the tournament. Conchita was merely the anonymous challenger who stopped her from going out with a tenth crown.

Martínez won the biggest title in tennis–something Arantxa never did, incidentally–and she didn’t gain a single endorsement. Not one.

She went on a tear the following Spring, dominating the clay court swing and posting results so strong that, had the WTA used the same ranking formula they use today, she would likely have become number one. Steffi Graf ended the Spaniard’s hot streak at Roland Garros, and Conchita resumed her old role as the forgotten woman of the WTA.

During her playing days, Martínez usually gave the impression that she was content to fade into the background. She deserved better, and she still does.

* * *

Conchita only came to global attention in 1994. Still, if you didn’t know her name by then, you hadn’t been paying attention.

In March 1992, when the Spaniard was still 19 years old, the WTA published a list of the top players on tour–minimum 200 matches–ranked by career winning percentage. Martínez came in fourth, ahead of Sabatini, behind only Seles, Graf, and Navratilova.

She won three titles in 1990, despite taking the summer off. In 1991, she added three more–all on European clay–while grappling with an injured thigh. The pain management shifted to her right arm in 1992, as she struggled with tendonitis. It hurt to serve, it hurt to hit a forehand, yet she still picked up a title in Kitzbühel and reached a fourth-straight French Open quarter-final. She made it to four other finals, where she lost to Graf, Seles, Sabatini, and Capriati.

Conchita suffered a bit every time she struck a topspin forehand that season, but her opponents often had it worse.

Señorita Topspin hits a forehand at the 1996 US Open

Early in 1990, her coach Eduardo Osta thought that the Martínez forehand was second only to Graf’s. Like Steffi, Conchita hit the shot whenever she could, often drifting far into the backhand corner to stick with her preferred wing.

“I was born with my forehand,” she said in 1995. “That’s natural.”

Natural as it was, Martínez was more sophisticated than the typical slugger. She always had been. Her long-time coach Eric van Harpen recognized that, as a junior, she didn’t play like the other girls her age. “She was so clever, so professional in the shots she chose,” he said.

Shot selection may have been Conchita’s strongest weapon of all. When she beat Sánchez Vicario in a 1992 Hilton Head semi-final, the New York Times described her attack as “a steady spattering of astrologically correct moonballs interspersed with high-paced forehand drives.” By that time, Arantxa knew her game better than anyone. But even she couldn’t always handle the variation.

Once she put the tendonitis behind her, Martínez’s favorite shot grew even more vicious. In 1993, it won her titles on three surfaces, and she nearly pulled even with Graf. Playing only her second Wimbledon, Conchita reached the semi-final, where she pushed Steffi to a first-set tiebreak. In Philadelphia later that year, she beat the German in straights.

The 21-year-old cracked the top five in August, and she ended the season at number four. The tour had the makings of a new star.

* * *

If Martínez was going to break through at a major, the smart money favored her at Roland Garros. She had grown up on clay courts, and her game was built for them.

Conchita’s most impressive achievement in 1993 was her first title at the Italian Open, home of some of the slowest conditions on tour. She defeated Navratilova and Mary Joe Fernández to reach the final, then wore down Sabatini for the championship. The third game of the title match lasted 32 points, and the women traded seven consecutive breaks of serve in an 89-minute first set. Martínez could do that all day, but her opponent couldn’t, and she cruised to a 7-5, 6-1 victory.

The Spaniard wouldn’t lose again in Rome until 1997, when Mary Pierce beat her in that year’s final. She won the circuit’s second-most prestigious clay court tournament four years in a row. In her 24-match reign at the event, she lost only three sets.

The Martínez one-handed backhand was a
perfect match for the Roman clay

Conchita’s dirtballing magic didn’t have quite the same effect in Paris. She reached the second week of the French Open for 13 consecutive years, from 1988 to 2000. But she didn’t clear the quarter-finals until 1994, in large part because she had a nasty habit of colliding with Graf, Seles, or Sabatini in the final eight. In the 1994 semi, one step closer to the title, she fell flat against Sánchez Vicario. She managed only four games in a disappointing clash with her more decorated countrywoman.

Van Harpen thought she wasn’t fit enough to be the perfect clay-courter. She certainly couldn’t out-scamper Arantxa, though in fairness, no one could. He kept after Martínez for years, insisting that she lose weight. For the coach, it was the obvious route to dominance. “[W]hat would be easier, for Graf to get that topspin backhand she needs, or for Sánchez Vicario to get a forehand like Conchita’s or for Conchita to get the fitness of both of them?”

In a different context, van Harpen said that his charge “should stop telling everybody she’s a clay-court player.” This time, he wasn’t criticizing her preparedness. He believed her style was good enough to win anywhere.

* * *

By the time Martínez rose to stardom, the women’s serve-and-volley game was dying out. While Jana Novotná would keep it alive to the end of the century, Navratilova’s retirement signaled the end of an era.

An alternative reading is that serve-and-volley didn’t fade out. Instead, it was Conchita who killed it.

Okay, okay, that’s not really what happened. There weren’t legions of teenage wannabe serve-and-volleyers who saw the Spaniard’s topspin forehand and, terrified, never rushed the net again. But judging by Martínez’s results against the players who did dare to come forward, if serve-and-volley tennis hadn’t been on the way out, Conchita would’ve at least nudged it toward the door.

Martínez arrived at Wimbledon in 1994 as a 33-to-1 longshot. Her odds improved on the first day, when Lori McNeil recorded one of the great upsets in tournament history by ousting five-time champion Steffi Graf. Still, no one was about to pick Conchita as the new favorite. Despite her status as the third seed, she was playing only her fourth career grass-court event.

The first time the Spaniard ventured onto the turf, at Eastbourne in 1992, McNeil showed her how much she still had to learn. The hyper-aggressive American eased through, 6-0, 6-3.

At Wimbledon in 1994

Two years later, McNeil rode her first-round upset at Wimbledon to a semi-final meeting with Martínez. The pair split the first two sets. Then, as the New York Times put it, they “dug themselves into their respective trenches … and waited for attrition to take its toll.” Clearly McNeil didn’t have a good scouting report on her opponent. Attrition was the name of Conchita’s game. The Spaniard won the third set, 10-8.

Martínez piled up passing-shot winners throughout the tournament. Her opponents stuck with the grass-court playbook. Señorita Topspin said, “[E]verybody is coming in, and it’s like, thank you.”

It was no different in the final. Navratilova, who had earned her living at the net for two decades, watched one groundstroke after another fly by. The veteran came forward 113 times. Conchita took 60 of those points. In three sets, the underdog claimed the match and the title.

Navratilova explained how Martínez did it:

She passed me as well as anybody ever has, even Monica Seles, because she passed well from both sides. She has a lot of dip on the ball, so it comes over lower by the time it gets to you, which made it more difficult to volley well, and she stands back behind the baseline for her return of serve, which gives her time to line up her shots.

“She’s playing great tennis, period,” said Martina. “And that works on any surface.”

* * *

Conchita flailed a bit that fall. In a post-Wimbledon swoon, she lost three matches in a row for the first time since 1991. Even though she remained under the radar, pressure mounted from some quarters.

Van Harpen was part of the problem. He believed Martínez could become number one, perhaps more strongly than she did herself. He certainly cared about it more. “I’m the kind of person who would give up two fingers to be number one,” he said. “I’d give one finger for her to be number one.”

It had always been a bit rocky between the unassuming player and the overweening coach. In their seven-year relationship, they had split multiple times only to team up again. Finally, in early 1995, Conchita moved on for good, throwing in her lot with Carlos Kirmayr, Sabatini’s former coach.

The results were immediate, and they were stunning. After losing to Graf in the Delray Beach final in March, Martínez began what her fans call, simply, The Streak.

On clay courts in North America and Europe–with a Fed Cup tie on carpet thrown in for good measure–the reigning Wimbledon champ reeled off 26 wins in a row. At the German Open in Hamburg, the Spaniard double-bageled Magdalena Maleeva in the semi-finals and beat the 14-year-old Martina Hingis in the final, 6-1, 6-0. At the Italian the following week, she straight-setted Fernández, Pierce, and Sánchez Vicario in succession. The only woman who could stop her was Graf–again–in the semis at the French.

In those 26 matches, she lost only two sets. She won 11 bagel sets. Another 15 went her way by a score of 6-1.

Conchita was nearly as good on hard courts between Wimbledon and the US Open. She swept a Fed Cup tie, then won back-to-back titles at San Diego and Manhattan Beach. For the season as a whole, she won 63 of 73 matches. That was good for six titles, semi-final showings at all four majors, and an undefeated performance in three Fed Cup ties as she led Spain to third consecutive championship.

(These streaks start to blend together, but there’s one more worth mentioning. The six Fed Cup wins were part of a five-year run in which Martínez won 19 of 20 singles rubbers. The one loss came in 1994 to the German Sabine Hack. The next year, she beat Hack 6-0, 6-0–twice.)

In November, she rose to the number two ranking. That’s when, under a rating system that rewarded quantity more heavily, like the WTA’s current formula, she might have grabbed her moment in the top spot.

Still, the woman who the New York Times called “the world’s most highly ranked low-visibility performer” couldn’t quite beat everybody. Bud Collins explained what he demanded of a “champion.” He said, “She still has to come to grips with what’s expected…. You don’t [need to] win all the time, but more than she has done.”

It was bad enough having to play for a decade in the Steffi Graf era. It might have been even worse to be judged by the impossibly high standards that Steffi set.

* * *

There’s one more reason why Conchita has remained so underrated. She hung around on tour for a decade after her peak, playing well enough that everyone knew she was there, rarely well enough that anyone would call her great.

She picked up her fourth consecutive Italian title in 1996, but lost to a player outside the top 100 at her next tournament in Madrid. She fell out of the top five in early 1997, to return only briefly a few years later. She remained capable of a big win, advancing to the Australian Open final in 1998 behind a three-set upset of second seed Lindsay Davenport. But as injuries and age took their toll, she was rarely considered a prime contender for another major title.

Had Conchita chosen to pursue a second career as a doubles specialist, she might have lasted another decade beyond her 18-year pro career. In 2004, she and Virginia Ruano Pascual won the women’s doubles silver medal at the Athens Olympics. It was Martínez’s third medal. A year later, she finished her grand slam career with a semi-final showing at the US Open. She and Ruano Pascual only gave way after pushing Lisa Raymond and Sam Stosur, the eventual champions, to a deciding-set tiebreak.

In 1994, coach van Harpen said, “For sure, she is overlooked. For sure, she doesn’t like this. Even in Spain. She is not the people’s darling.” Her fan club was never as big as Arantxa’s, if she had a fan club at all. Yet when all was said and done, Conchita had more tour-level titles: 33 to her countrywoman’s 29.

One of those titles, of course, was the most important of all. Señorita Topspin was the first Spanish woman to win Wimbledon. There wouldn’t be another for more than two decades. Finally, in 2017, when Garbiñe Muguruza added her name to the list, sitting courtside was Garbi’s part-time coach, Conchita Martínez.

* * *

This post is dedicated to Jeff McFarland.

In 2022, I’m counting down the 128 best players of the last century. With luck, we’ll get to #1 in December. Enjoy!

* * *

Victoria Azarenka [BLR]
Born: 31 July 1989
Career: 2006-present
Plays: Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
Peak rank: 1 (2012)
Peak Elo rating: 2,326 (1st place, 2013)
Major singles titles: 2
Total singles titles: 21
 

* * *

The first time I saw Victoria Azarenka play was by accident. I had Arthur Ashe Stadium tickets for the 2007 US Open men’s quarter-finals, and without much happening on the outer courts, I settled in for the mixed doubles championship match. Leander Paes, at least, was sure to give me my money’s worth.

He did, but the star of the afternoon was an 18-year-old Belarussian in her second grand slam final. Vika partnered her countryman, the doubles specialist Max Mirnyi, and she seemed committed to proving the old saw that in mixed doubles, women make all the difference. She hit the hardest of the foursome, and in case anyone didn’t notice, every shot was punctuated with the two-part grunt that all tennis fans would soon know well.

Azarenka and Mirnyi beat Paes and Meghann Shaughnessy for the title, 6-4, 7-6. The Belarussians had also reached the final in Australia, and Vika would appear in another two major doubles finals the following year. She reunited with Mirnyi for the mixed event at the 2012 London Olympics, where the slam-winning pair earned a gold medal.*

* BBC headline: “Andy Murray & Laura Robson take silver in Olympics final”

The hard-hitting teen wasn’t destined for a career as a doubles specialist, of course. Her achievements alongside Mirnyi would soon be relegated to a footnote, something for television commentators to mention when she made a rare foray beyond the service line.

In 2005, Vika won two of the four junior slams as a singles player. By the 2007 US Open, her ranking was on the brink of the top 40, with a tour-level final in Estoril already to her credit. A few weeks later in Luxembourg, she recorded her first top-ten win, backing it up in October with an upset of the number four player in the world, Maria Sharapova. Facing three set points against Masha in the Moscow second round, she kicked off a run of ten straight points and fought out a 16-point tiebreak.

Azarenka appeared to be on the brink of great things. She would, in fact, steadily improve. Compared to the sudden breakthroughs that had defined women’s tennis for decades, though, the Belarussian’s ascent moved slowly.

Vika’s path, both in reaching the top and in finding her place as a less-dominant veteran, has always been complicated.

* * *

Azarenka’s reign as an elite player can be dated, roughly, to March of 2011.

She first broke into the top ten almost two years earlier, on the strength of a 2009 Miami title when she beat an injured Serena Williams. But in a crowded field, she struggled to establish herself as more than a fringe member of the top tier. In seven hard-court tournaments after Wimbledon that year, she won only nine matches.

In 2011, by contrast, Miami was a springboard, not an aberration. Vika defeated second-seed Kim Clijsters, third-seed Vera Zvonareva, and Sharapova back-to-back–all in straight sets, no less–to win the title for the second time. She followed it up with a champion’s trophy in Marbella. To this day, it is her only tournament victory on a clay court.

While she didn’t win another title until Luxembourg in October, Azarenka’s failure to do so said more about the depth of the tour than any inconsistency on her part. She lost to Petra Kvitová in the Madrid final and the Wimbledon semis. Li Na beat her in the French Open quarters, en route to the title. At both Toronto and the US Open, Azarenka lost to Serena, giving the American champion a hard fight in the Flushing third round.

Williams was the 28th seed in New York, a hilariously bad draw for the up-and-coming star. It was of a piece with her season to that point. Pete Bodo wrote in August of that year, “Very few women in tennis history have played as well as Azarenka through three majors and come away without even a final berth for it.” She had yet to reach number three in the rankings, but Bodo was ready to appoint her as a close second on the “Best Active Player Not to Have Won a Major” list, behind only Caroline Wozniacki.

At the season-ending WTA Championships, Vika again came up short. She beat Li, Zvonareva, and Sam Stosur, then fell in three sets to Kvitová in the final. Her serve–the one part of her game that has never been particularly imposing–proved to be her downfall. She was unusually conservative with her first offerings, landing more than three in four. The Czech ate them up and won nearly half of those points. In a close match, a single weakness was enough to make the difference.

Still, Azarenka finished third on the year-end ranking list. The final step to superstardom was in sight.

* * *

The Vika who returned for the 2012 campaign was the one who a later headline writer would call “The Most Intense Tennis Player on Earth.” She was finally able to channel all of that intensity toward victory.

The rest of the tour could only watch in awe, perhaps hoping they’d land in the other half of the draw next time. Azarenka began the season with 26 straight wins, grabbing titles at Sydney, Doha, and Indian Wells–and in between, at the Australian Open. The (second) best active player without a major now had one.

In Melbourne, she needed an extended warmup before overwhelming eighth-seed Agnieszka Radwańska. She lost seven straight points and a tiebreak, then came back to win the next two sets, 6-0, 6-2. She allowed Sharapova only three measly games in an overpowering final.

The scariest part was, she seemed to improve every week. In Sydney and Melbourne, Radwańska was able to take a set. Azarenka beat her in straights in Doha the following month, and then at Indian Wells, Vika clobbered her, 6-0, 6-2. She no longer needed the wake-up call of a lost opening frame. In the Indian Wells final, Azarenka confirmed her victory over Sharapova, winning another easy straight-setter.

In 79 matches that season, Vika won 15 bagel sets and another 24 by the score of 6-1. A few years later, Tom Perrotta described the attitude that allowed her to destroy first-class opponents:

She fights for points when ahead, when behind, when there’s little chance of winning them. In the first round [at the 2016 Australian Open], she beat Alison Van Uytvanck 6-0, 6-0. At one point in the first set, Azarenka had a comfortable lead when Van Uytvanck served at 40-0, one point from winning what would likely be a meaningless game. Azarenka scrapped and won the next three points, and eventually the game.

That fall, she reeled off 13 consecutive wins–including titles Beijing and Linz and another day at the beach against Sharapova–without losing a single set. No one even got to 5-all against her. In a match with a young Simona Halep during that span, she won a breathtaking 70% of the total points played.

The Australian Open victory was enough to propel Vika into the number one position on the WTA computer. Except for four weeks that summer, she held on to the top spot for a full year. In the half-century since the tour began maintaining rankings, only eleven other women have been number one for more than her total of 51 weeks.

* * *

As you might have noticed, I skipped over a big chunk of Azarenka’s 2012 season. She reached the final in Madrid… and lost to Serena Williams. She made it to the semi-finals at Wimbledon… and lost to Serena. In the final four at the Olympics, she lost to Serena. (Here, at least, there was a consolation prize: She won the bronze medal the next day by defeating Maria Kirilenko.) She beat Sharapova to reach her first US Open final… where she lost to Serena.

Vika dropped just ten matches that year. Five of them came against Williams. At the end of the season, their career head-to-head stood 11-1 in Serena’s favor. The single Azarenka victory came from their meeting at Miami in 2009, when the veteran was hampered by a leg injury.

In 2017, Serena’s then-coach Patrick Mouratoglou told the New York Times:

I always thought that if Serena hadn’t blocked her path, she would have lots of Grand Slam titles. Serena really hurt her, because Azarenka was very, very, very close to acquiring so much confidence that she would have been unstoppable.

The 2012 US Open final explains why Patrick said “very” three times. Williams was even more imperious than usual in New York. When she met Vika in the final, she had just beaten Sara Errani, 6-1, 6-2, winning more than 90% of points behind her first serve. She hadn’t dropped a set in six rounds.

Serena opened the final in the same form, winning the first set, 6-2. But Azarenka brought the set streak to an end, making quick work of the second by the same score. Vika was one of the few players who could absorb the American’s hardest shots, shrug off the unreturnable serves, and find enough opportunities to make Williams look vulnerable.

Azarenka and Williams before the 2009 Miami final

At 3-all in the third set, Serena offered up a sloppy service game. Azarenka broke at love and held for 5-3. But that was as far as the challenger could go. Williams held for 5-4, and she immediately put pressure back on the Azarenka serve. Vika’s normally sturdy backhand started spitting errors. She had two chances to force a tiebreak, but the backhand had lost its punch, and Serena secured the victory, 7-5.

Not every Vika-Serena match was so dramatic. The US Open final was only the second time Azarenka had even forced a third set. But the Belarussian could handle Serena’s pace and intensity. While the head-to-head record didn’t show it, she was as close to dethroning the queen as anyone else on the circuit. According to the WTA ranking formula, she had already done so.

* * *

2013 started almost as well as the year before. Vika defended her Australian Open title with a final-round victory over Li Na. In Doha the following month, she came out on the winning side of a mammoth battle against Serena, beating her long-time tormentor, 7-6, 2-6, 6-3.

While the result hinted at the onset of a new era, it was instead a high point for the Belarussian. Williams’s run in Doha gave her the points to nudge Vika out of the number one ranking position, despite the outcome of the final. At Indian Wells a few weeks later, Azarenka reached the quarter-finals before pulling out with a right ankle injury. The injury kept her out of Miami as well, so she missed the chance to rack up wins and ranking points at two of her strongest events.

In one sense, Vika had pulled even with Serena. They met four times in 2013, every time in a final, each woman winning two. With the exception of a lopsided encounter in Rome, each one was an epic. But the ankle injury was just the start. She missed Toronto with a back issue, and the cumulative effect of her struggles–and, perhaps, the mental blow of losing a second-straight US Open final to Williams–left her listless in the final months of the season. On the hard courts where she was typically so dominant, she lost four of five matches to end the campaign.

A foot injury made 2014 even worse. She didn’t fully regain her form for two years.

The one thing Azarenka never lost was her belief. No matter how her body complicated things, no matter what the results said, she knew she belonged at the top. Even when she nearly dropped out of the top 50 in the world rankings, that faith never wavered.

I will never forget watching the trophy ceremony of the 2015 Qatar Total Open in Doha. It was Azarenka’s first final in more than a year, and Lucie Šafářová beat her in disappointingly routine fashion. The emcee greeted her with farcically misplaced enthusiasm, saying something like, “Great news! Back in the top 40!” After a blink-and-you’ll-miss-it glare that could have pulverized the poor man, Vika explained that she set her goals higher than that.

Much, much higher.

* * *

Finally healthy and working with new coach Wim Fissette, Azarenka opened 2016 looking more fearsome than ever. Before falling to Angelique Kerber in the Australian Open quarter-finals, she won nine straight matches, never losing more than four games in a set.

She kicked off another streak in March, taking 16 matches in a row to lift the trophy at both Indian Wells and Miami. Her final match in the desert sent the strongest message of all. She beat Serena Williams, and she needed only two sets to do it.

The Indian Wells title put Vika back in the top ten. Miami got her back in the top five. She looked as good as she had in 2012. But her future held more than just another trip to the top of the ranking table. In July, she announced that she was pregnant. She would play only two events in the next 21 months.

Still, Azarenka’s story wasn’t over. It isn’t over now. Between injuries, child care, a protracted custody battle, and a global pandemic, she didn’t play another full season until 2021. Of all the what-ifs in women’s tennis history, the Vika-keeps-playing counterfactual doesn’t get discussed much. But her form this decade suggests that things could’ve turned out very differently.

She proved to be well prepared to handle the socially-distanced tour that resumed half a year after the arrival of Covid-19. After years of being one of the less-popular stars on the circuit, perhaps she got accustomed to playing in empty stadiums. In one of the first events of the pandemic era, the “Cincinnati” tournament held at Flushing Meadows, she lost only one set en route to the final. She won the trophy by default when Naomi Osaka withdrew. A week later, at the US Open, she beat Serena to reach the final and, drawing Osaka again, fell one set short of the title.

The cast of characters had changed since her previous major final–she defeated Aryna Sabalenka and Iga Świątek in the early rounds in New York–but she remained equal to the challenge. Azarenka nearly won her third Indian Wells title a year ago, when she reached the final and lost in a third-set tiebreak to Paula Badosa. Her ranking has risen as high as 15th this season, and her most recent match was a three-hour battle with Karolína Plíšková in the fourth round of this year’s US Open.

At a press conference in Flushing last month, Vika said, “Tennis, to me, is about adaptation…. [I]t’s okay that you fail. It depends how you come back from it.” If Azarenka has failed, it’s only on a small scale, in the sense that she has lost the occasional match she could’ve won.

Now 33 years old, Azarenka is unlikely to return to number one. Even another spell in the top ten is a lot to ask. (Just don’t tell her I said that.) But if our standard is the ability to adapt, to change with the tour, to overcome obstacles that would send most women into early retirement, Vika remains one of the very best in the business.

In 2022, I’m counting down the 128 best players of the last century. With luck, we’ll get to #1 in December. Enjoy!

* * *

Jennifer Capriati [USA]
Born: 29 March 1976
Career: 1990-2004
Plays: Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
Peak rank: 1 (2001)
Peak Elo rating: 2,317 (4th place, 1993)
Major singles titles: 3
Total singles titles: 14
 

* * *

When Jennifer Capriati was 14 years old, she dreamed that someday, she’d be walking down the street, and she’d hear people say, “There’s Jennifer Capriati, the greatest tennis player who ever lived.”

She was surely not the first 14-year-old to imagine such things. But her aspiration might have been the most realistic. In the month before her birthday that year, she reached the finals of her first pro tournament, beating top-tenner Helena Suková and two more players ranked in the top 21. A few weeks later, she dropped just two games to 5th-ranked Arantxa Sánchez Vicario and made another final.

Rick Macci, one of her early coaches, said, “I’m telling you. She’s scary.”

Tracy Austin, once a teen sensation herself, considered her the best prospect in American tennis since, well, Tracy Austin.

In her first season as a pro, Capriati became the youngest player ever to reach the semi-finals at the French Open. She lasted until the second week of all three majors she played; had she not drawn Steffi Graf in the fourth round at Wimbledon and the US Open, she may have done even better. She even took a set from Graf at the season-ending Slims Championships.

Billie Jean King rated her “the most powerful person of her age I have ever seen, without any question.” King thought that Graf was the only woman on tour who hit harder. Capriati might even be her equal.

On the other hand, Billie Jean had seen prospects come and go for three decades. “Sophomore year is the dangerous one,” she told Sports Illustrated. “The first year, everything is new, and nobody really has the book on you. But it gets tougher after that.”

Yep, it got tougher after that.

* * *

Skip forward eleven years–eleven messy, often painful years. Now 25 years old in June of 2001, Capriati was halfway to a Grand Slam.

She showed up for the injury-decimated 2001 Australian Open in the best shape of her life. After escaping a tricky quarter-final against Monica Seles, she straight-setted Lindsay Davenport in the semis and did the same to a listless Martina Hingis in the final.

Capriati with the 2001 Australian Open trophy

At the French, she defeated Serena Williams in the quarters. She once again left Hingis looking like a spent force with an easy win in the semis. The championship match against Kim Clijsters turned into an epic battle. Clijsters came within two points of the title on four different occasions, before the American finally gutted it out, 1-6, 6-4, 12-10.

Writing for Sports Illustrated, S.L. Price concluded:

For what no one knew about Capriati then–what no one really would know until 4:58 p.m., Paris time, last Saturday–was that at her core, she needs a fight. Capriati responds best to adversity, not ease.

Indeed, back in 1990 at her first pro event, the teenager starlet told the assembled media, “I like to fight.”

But Price got things backwards. Tennis, and life, offered Capriati plenty of adversity in the early 1990s, and she couldn’t cope with a lot of it. That isn’t a criticism: No one her age could’ve met the expectations that were set for her. She was 14, 15 years old with mounting pressure to reach number one and become the next Chris Evert.

(Just how far did the hype go? Journalist Dave Scheiber, writing in 1990, made clear that Jennifer might be better than Chrissie: “Capriati’s baseline game seems as potent as Evert’s was. But Capriati attacks more and packs more punch with her serve.”)

The young star never lacked for a challenge. What changed in the decade between her coming-out party and the double-major season of 2001 was that she slowly adopted the right attitude about the adversity that is inevitable on the pro tour. Still bludgeoning breathtaking groundstrokes, Capriati 2.0 finally had what it took to reach some of Capriati 1.0’s enormous potential.

* * *

In 1985, the nine-year-old Capriati went to tennis camp. She took home the following evaluation:

She has potential and should be developed wisely. Keep her tennis ‘career’ in perspective. Keep it fun! Be careful not to push her progress too quickly.

Roger that.

Within a few years, there was no stopping the Jennifer juggernaut. She won the national 18-and-under event at age 12. She added the French Open and US Open junior titles at 13. IMG, the management company, signed her and lined up several million dollars’ worth of endorsements before she played a single pro tournament.

After the injuries and burnout that ended the careers of Austin and Andrea Jaeger in the early 1980s, the women’s tour put some age restrictions on the pro circuit. They had to tweak the rules for Capriati, then bent them even further to get her into the season-ending Slims Championships. She ended up playing 12 events–48 singles matches–in the nine-plus months following her pro debut.

Capriati at her first pro event at Boca Raton, in 1990

In 1990s, memories of Austin and Jaeger–and Kathy Rinaldi, and Andrea Temesvári, and more–were fresh. Jennifer’s father, Stefano, preferred to ignore them. “They belong to the past. I believe in the future. There is nothing to be learned from their stories. They were completely different.”

Austin cautioned that Capriati “learn three things: patience, patience and patience.”

Jaeger offered a more detailed warning:

If she gets hurt, people will say she started too young. If she throws a racket or swears or loses a lot of first-round matches, they’ll say the pressure has gotten to her. Then she’ll start thinking about the pressure, and the game really won’t be fun anymore. After a few failures she’ll learn that the only people who really care are friends and family.

Within a few years, Jaeger would be proven correct on all counts. But once the 13-year-old Jennifer was beating established pros and appearing on the cover of Sports Illustrated, there was no turning back. Stefano said, “Where I come from the saying is: ‘If the apple is ripe you eat it.'”

* * *

There’s no question that Capriati was physically ready to compete on tour in 1990. She won 37 of 48 matches that first year. She reeled off a 14-match win streak in the summer of 1991, culminating in a near-miss against Monica Seles at the US Open. She didn’t lose a first-rounder until 1992. She cracked the top ten at the end of her first season. She was number six a year after that.

But within two years of her debut, the mental strain began to tell. She was the future of American tennis, the face of Diadora’s North American marketing campaign, yet she was stuck outside the top five. She recorded wins over the likes of Seles, Sánchez Vicario, Gabriela Sabatini, and Conchita Martínez, but they beat her just as often. When they didn’t, Steffi Graf was waiting in the next round.

It was a tough time to break into the top tier of women’s tennis.

By the end of 1991, tennis wasn’t as much fun anymore. It certainly didn’t prove to be easy. Capriati took some time off in early 1992, before a training block with Manolo Santana seemed to get things back on track. His enthusiasm was infectious, and he sent her to the Barcelona Olympics with renewed energy.

Santana was just the voice she needed. She enjoyed her time at the Olympics, just another teenage sensation among many. She won three-setters over Sánchez Vicario and Graf in the semi-finals and final to claim the gold medal. It was her first victory against the German in five tries, and she didn’t show the slightest sign of nerves in closing out the biggest match of her life.

Back on tour, the Olympic triumph didn’t have much of an effect. She lost in the third round of the US Open. In 1993, she hung on to a place in the top ten, but she failed to make any progress at the majors, losing to Graf in the quarter-finals at the Australian, French, and Wimbledon. In Flushing, she fell in the first round to 37th-ranked Leila Meskhi.

She wouldn’t win a match at a slam for another five years.

* * *

Capriati’s struggles off the court were publicized just as much as her successes on it. She was caught shoplifting and cited for marijuana possession, minor offenses for a typical teen but the stuff of tabloid headlines when the rebel in question was a celebrity.

It took years, and a few false starts, before Jennifer was again a factor on tour. By the time she was fully fit, she had internalized the comeback-kid narrative, and it showed. At the Australian Open in 2001, she won her fourth-round match in straight sets after losing five of the first six games. Monica Seles led her by a set and a break in the quarters before she came charging back for a three-set victory.

In the Roland Garros final that year, she lost the first set 6-1 and failed to serve out the match three times before finally securing the deciding set. She still liked to fight, and now she had the stamina to come out on the winning end of marathon matches.

After Capriati beat the number-one-ranked Hingis in the French Open semis, the Swiss player admitted that her opponent looked more like the best player in the world than she did. Even though Jennifer didn’t complete the Grand Slam–she lost to Justine Henin in the Wimbledon semis and Venus Williams in the final four at the US Open–she ascended to the number one ranking in October.

Before 2002 was out, Jennifer would lose the top spot on the ranking table–and a whole lot of matches–to the Williams sisters. First, though, she had one more comeback to add to her legacy.

She faced Hingis again in the 2002 Australian Open final, and the Swiss Miss quickly showed what had made her such a clinical champion a few years before. Hingis jumped to a 6-4, 4-0 lead, forcing Capriati to fend off four match points. Over the course of the second set, the American became more and more aggressive. Defying logic, she told reporters afterward, “I felt I was right there in the match.”

Capriati won the second-set tiebreak, 9-7. In the stifling Melbourne heat, she proved to be the fitter competitor, coasting to a 6-2 final set victory.

* * *

There’s an irony in Capriati’s legacy. It’s impossible not to remember her as the defining teen prodigy of late 20th century tennis. Her story has it all: The ever-present father, the impossibly early success, the million-dollar endorsements, the apparent burnout. She took the Andrea Jaeger story and cranked it up to eleven.

But the resulting career–a gold medal, three majors, ten more slam semi-finals, 17 weeks at number one, victories over every notable player for a generation or more–is one that most teens (and their parents) would take in a heartbeat. It just didn’t unfold quite on schedule.

We’ll never know, of course, how things would’ve gone had Jennifer’s parents held her back. Maybe she would’ve burned out anyway, and we wouldn’t know her name at all. Alternatively, she might have waited until 16 or 17 to make her pro debut, and with added maturity and no mid-career burnout, she would’ve gone on to win twice as many majors.

Or, just maybe, she would’ve become the greatest tennis player who ever lived.

In 2022, I’m counting down the 128 best players of the last century. With luck, we’ll get to #1 in December. Enjoy!

* * *

Arthur Ashe [USA]
Born: 10 July 1943
Died: 6 February 1993
Career: 1959-79
Played: Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
Peak ATP rank: 2 (1976)
Peak Elo rating: 2,206 (2nd place, 1976)
Major singles titles: 3
Total singles titles: 87
 

* * *

Nearly thirty years after his death, Arthur Ashe is best known as the name on a building–the largest tennis stadium in the world.

Before that, Ashe was an activist and humanitarian. In retirement, he was one of the most authoritative voices on the subject of race in sports. But he was too curious to be limited to a single topic. He would speak out on anything that caught his attention and triggered his sense of injustice.

When his HIV diagnosis became public knowledge–very much against his wishes–he immediately turned much of his remaining energy to HIV/AIDS-related causes.

Before that, Arthur was a prolific, best-selling author. His magnum opus, A Hard Road to Glory: A History of the African-American Athlete, was an enormous, unprecedented project. When no publisher would take on the expense, he raised the funds himself, then supervised the research. He couldn’t believe how little was known about Black sports before Jackie Robinson.

Before that, he was already an elder statesman in tennis. He captained the U.S Davis Cup team, handling the unenviable task of motivating both John McEnroe and Jimmy Connors. Ashe appeared regularly as an analyst, offering detailed, technical explanations of the game. He refused to talk down to his audience.

Before that, he was a Wimbledon champion, an unexpected victor over Connors in 1975. Seven years earlier, he won the first US Open. He was still an amateur then, so while he beat Tom Okker for the title, Arthur settled for modest expenses while the Dutchman took home prize money of $14,000.

It goes without saying that Ashe was the first Black man to accomplish virtually all of those things.

Even before Arthur won the US Open, sportswriters poked fun at the way in which every media mention of the young star had to describe him in racial terms. He was “the first Negro” on the Davis Cup team, the first to win this or that national championship, and so on. There were a lot of firsts. One 1964 squib in the New York Times spanned all of three paragraphs–and used the phrase twice.

Arthur Ashe is, justifiably, a legend. So much so that the messy details of his personality and his game tend to get lost. So much so that it’s daunting even to write about him. The best tennis book ever written–John McPhee’s Levels of the Game–is half about Ashe. Four years ago, Raymond Arsenault published an excellent, 784-page biography of the man.

I don’t claim any special insight that McPhee, Arsenault, or Ashe himself hasn’t already put on record. Instead, I want to look back at Arthur before that first major title. As early as his teens, he demonstrated many of the qualities that would define both the veteran superstar and the later public intellectual.

His game didn’t peak until the mid-1970s, but Ashe was one of the most fascinating figures in 1960s tennis.

* * *

The New York Times gave Ashe his first extended notice in 1963, when the 19-year-old was named to the United States Davis Cup team.

Frank Litsky wrote that Arthur “suffers from an embarrassment of riches. His repertoire of tennis shots is too large for his own good…. His understanding of the game and agility leave little to be desired. But he lacks experience and frequently makes the wrong shot.”

Ashe provided much of the material himself: “What good are 10 types of backhands when I don’t use the right one automatically at the right time?” And: “I tend to be lazy with my forehand.”

There was always a whisper of latent racial stereotyping. The six-foot-one-inch, rail-thin teenager had prodigious physical gifts, but he didn’t yet have the necessary mental qualities to become a champion.

Even as a teenager, Arthur was more complicated than that. Yes, his mind wandered during matches–he was the first to say so, and he’d go into detail about what distracted him. (In one 1965 final against John Newcombe, it was a stunning Trinidadian stewardess named Bella.) Journalists rarely needed to analyze Ashe matches for themselves–the player himself would offer more detail, positive and negative, than they could ever fit into their stories.

Ashe also saved reporters from the awkwardness of writing about race. He was always the most perceptive observer of his unique position as a Black prodigy in the whitest of sports. He said in 1963:

I wouldn’t like to feel that I am considered a representative of the Negro race, but I know I am. I just want to be taken as another tennis player. If I make it, fine. If I don’t–well, lots don’t. I know the odds are against me because there’s only one of me now.

* * *

Even at age 19, Arthur realized he’d never be just another tennis player. Still, he amazed fellow players with his casualness. He didn’t feel any pressure from posterity, and he sometimes echoed one of his father’s mantras. Arthur Sr. liked to say, “No one will care a hundred years from now.”

Ashe’s unexpressive on-court demeanor had a different explanation, though. The men who helped him as a youngster realized that he could very well end up making history. They insisted he behave accordingly.

Dr. Robert Johnson was an energetic talent scout and coach who took on the ten-year-old Arthur. He knew that his young Black charges would need to comport themselves impeccably to avoid problems in the white tennis world. Between backhand drills, he urged his boys to remain calm, never make a scene or argue with an official, and give the benefit of the doubt to opponents who probably wouldn’t do the same in return.

No one learned those lessons better than Ashe did. He may not have needed them at all. He was so relaxed on court that fans occasionally suspected he didn’t care. He reached the final of the 1966 Australian Championships, where he faced Roy Emerson. He lost the last point on a foot fault, and Emerson showed more disgust with the ruling than he did.

Ashe and Emerson in 1965

By 1966, Ashe was one of the best players in the world, with a résumé that included several defeats of Emerson himself. But such non-displays left the question open: Did he have the killer instinct necessary to win the most important titles?

Arthur, as usual, had an opinion. He told Frank Deford later that year:

Do I have a killer instinct? No. Sorry, I just don’t have a killer instinct. I play the game. That’s me. I give it all I’ve got–people are wrong about that–but if it’s not enough I figure they’ll just get someone else.

When John McPhee asked Ashe’s first coach, Ron Charity, he got a very different answer:

People say that Arthur lacks the killer instinct. And that is a lot of baloney. Arthur is quietly aggressive–more aggressive than people give him credit for being. You don’t get to be that good without a will to win. He’ll let you win the first two sets, then he’ll blast you off the court.

* * *

Killer instinct or not, no one would question Charity’s implication that Ashe could take his game to stratospheric heights. At Forest Hills in 1965, the 22-year-old put the tennis world on notice with a quarter-final upset of Emerson, the reigning Wimbledon champion. After three hard-fought sets–13-11, 6-4, 10-12–he delivered the knockout fourth-set blow in just 17 minutes.

Every match he contested was decided on his own racket. George Toley, the University of Southern California coach who had ample opportunity to watch Arthur when he represented UCLA, said, “He wins or loses every match. Nobody really beats him in that sense.”

In early 1966, Ashe played a practice set against Richard “Pancho” González, the standout pro who remained one of the strongest players in the world at age 37. Ashe won, 6-0. González could be stingy with praise, but not this time. “I was really trying. I tell you, it was the greatest set of tennis I ever saw played. Yes, including any of the ones I played.”

Arthur’s serve, as well as the rest of his game, relied on coordination and strong wrists. Detractors would sometimes call his style “wristy.” His strokes weren’t as sturdy as they could be, and that probably contributed to his streaky nature. Still, wristiness was hardly a death knell. The other star player of the decade known for his wristy shots was Rod Laver.

The wrist action made his backhand particularly devastating. McPhee wrote, “Tennis players fear Ashe’s backhand and say that hitting a second serve to it can be like serving into the mouth of a cannon.” Arthur had the ability to wait until the last second to commit to a direction. At the 1968 US Open against Cliff Drysdale, he hit one such shot that was so hard and so unexpected that Drysdale–even though he was in position–didn’t lift his racket.

At his best, Ashe hit all of his shots like that. One of those veins of form turned up for the fourth set of the 1968 US Open semi-final, the match chronicled in Levels of the Game. McPhee wrote:

Ashe now begins to hit shots as if God Himself had given them a written guarantee. He plays full, free, windmilling tennis. He hits untouchable forty-five-degree volleys. He hits overheads that skid through no man’s land and ricochet off the stadium wall. His backhands win everywhere–crosscourt, down the line–and one of them, a return of a second serve, is almost an exact repetition of the extraordinary shot that finished the third set. “When you’re confident, you can do anything,” Ashe tells himself.

When Arthur was confident, he could do anything. His opponents could only wait for the moment to pass. Clark Graebner, Ashe’s opponent in that match, said, “I didn’t know he’d go ape.”

* * *

There was an enormous gap between Ashe’s best and worst games. After beating Emerson at Forest Hills in 1965, he fell in the next round to Manuel Santana, a weaker opponent. He was the hero of a 1965 Davis Cup tie against Mexico, but his punchless performance was the prime cause of a loss to lowly Ecuador in 1967.

Still, it’s easy to take this line of thinking too far. From 1965 until he turned pro, he was one of the best amateurs on the circuit. According to my historical Elo rankings, the 22-year-old was already the fifth-best player in the game–amateur or professional–at the end of 1965.

On an Australian tour in 1965-66, Ashe claimed four of the prestigious state tournaments Down Under, winning finals against Emerson, Newcombe, and Cliff Richey. He won six titles in 1966 and eight in 1967, and he reached the final round of the Australian Championships both years.

Arthur in 1967 or 1968

He gave journalists some ammunition for their “inconsistent” tags, sometimes going as far as showboating in early-round matches. He still had more shots that he knew what to do with, and when a victory was assured, he would sometimes look terrible, spinning and dinking his way to a roundabout win.

But unlike players who couldn’t harness their talent and resorted to outright clowning, Ashe understood when to put that side of himself away. His college coach, J.D. Morgan, said in late 1965:

[I]n tough matches, particularly when he’s behind, Arthur sticks with basic stuff. [His imagination is] an asset. There never was a tennis champion without imagination, who never came up with the unexpected–a great shot, not always basic–at a critical time.

At match point against Graebner at the 1968 Open, he told himself to play it safe. But when a second serve spun toward his backhand, he crushed it. Imagination? Carelessness? Does it matter?

* * *

Arthur’s game made him one of the most popular players on the circuit. His role as the only notable Black man in the sport kept him in the papers. No one understood that as well as Ashe himself.

The mid-to-late 1960s were the peak of “shamateurism.” McPhee wrote that a top amateur player could bring in $20,000 a year from endorsements and expense money–well north of $150,000 in today’s dollars. One anonymous admirer sent Ashe nearly $10,000 worth of General Motors stock.

Ashe had long since gotten over any wish to be just “another tennis player.” Ron Charity told Sports Illustrated in 1966, “Arthur has a very keen, uh, let us say, marketing sense.” Ashe studied business at UCLA, and he couldn’t help but think about his tennis in those terms:

Let’s face it. Being known as the only Negro in the game probably puts me a hundred dollars a week ahead of the others in market value…. Every time I go out and beat one of the big ones, like Emerson, I can almost hear the cash register ringing up a higher figure…. People will usually pay a little more for a product that’s different–and that’s what I am.

By the time Ashe finished his Army service and elected to sign a pro contract, he was worth a lot more. He ultimately agreed to a deal worth $750,000 over five years.

He struggled more with the question of what non-monetary value his fame could offer. Some Black activists pressed him to become more vocal in the Civil Rights movement. At this stage of his career, he preferred to set an example and leave it at that.

Ashe giving a clinic in 1968

Arthur was too intellectually curious to settle for easy answers. On a State Department tour of Africa in 1971, he told Frank Deford, “Before I’m finished in tennis, I want to get out and see everything, everything on earth.” Eventually, he accepted a more public role on racial and other issues, but he remained open-minded above all else.

* * *

Ashe never lost his reputation as an inconsistent player capable of soaring short-term feats. As late as 1974, John Newcombe explained how to handle one of Arthur’s hot streaks: “you’ve just got to demoralize him by raising your game a touch.”

By then, Ashe was in his thirties, widely considered to be on the downslope of his career. His shock victory at Wimbledon in 1975 changed all that. He tacked on another eight titles in the twelve months that followed, briefly earning a place at number two in the ATP rankings.

He never left the public eye. His retirement was accelerated by a heart attack in 1979. A blood transfusion during a second heart surgery is believed to be how he contracted HIV. Ashe was hyperactively busy throughout retirement, even as the disease left him with less and less energy.

The “supreme casualness” that defined Ashe on the tennis court could hardly account for the scope of his post-retirement activities. He had grown up hearing Arthur Sr. say that in a hundred years, no one will care what we did. At some point, Arthur Jr. must have realized his father was wrong.

A century from now, Arthur Ashe’s life will still matter, very much.